2. Biography was especially cultivated by Plutarch (40 A.D.), whose Lives' and ethical works have come down to us. Diogenes Laertius, Flavius Philostratus and Apollonius of Tyana were also composers of lives.
3. Geography was represented by Strabo (18. A.D.) in 17 books, and Pausanias (160. A.D.), whose description of Greece is of the highest value. We may also mention Ptolemy (160 A.D.) of Alexandria, whose geography, based on mathematical and astronomical principles, held its own till replaced by the Copernican System.
4. Philology was studied by Julius Pollux, and Phrynicus, the Atticists, and by the gram marians Apollonius Dyscolus and his son Herodian. Athenmus (190 A.D.) is especially known for his or (Table Talk,' which is very dry, but has a wide range and contains valuable material. Galen (160 A.D.), besides his medical work, wrote on Plato and Hippocrates. Polymnus (170 A.D.) and lElian (220 A.D.) have left us collections of anecdotes.
5. Rhetoric was systematized by Hermogenes (170 A.D.) It was also cultivated by Longinus (c. 213 A.D.), to whom is ascribed the work (On the Sublime,' Dio Chrysostum (c. 50 A.D.), and others. Especially worthy of mention is Lucian (160 A.D.), the satirist and rhetorican, whose works are of varied interest and con stitute the best prose since the decline.
6. Philosophy was little cultivated. We may mention Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius, the Stoics and Moralists, Plotinus and Porphyry, the Neo-Platonists and Sextus Empiricus, the skeptic.
7. Poetry was practically neglected. The only name worthy of mention is Babrius (40 A.D.), who put the fables ascribed to .€sop into choliambic verse.
8. Here may also be mentioned the Christian writers, Justin Martyr (c. 105 A.D.), Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 A.D.) and his pupil, Origen (c. 185 A.D.), who wrote in the Greek spirit for the advancement of Christian truth.
IV. Byzantine
is little to notice here. Poetry and Rhetoric are still cul tivated slightly, but there is no creative faculty. Even the learning of the former age is dying out. It is the age of compilations, selections, anthologies. We have the novelist Heliodorus (390 A.D.) with his followers, Achilles, Tatius and Chariton. In poetry only Nonnus's (c. 400 A.D.?) (The Adventures of Dionysus) and Quintus Smyrnmus's (Sequel to the Iliad' are worth mentioning. Well known is Stob.Tus's