Italy.— Italy has also shown the same ambition, and has established the colony of Erethrea on the African side of the Red Sea, between it and Abyssinia, in Somaliland; and as a result of the war with Turkey in 1912 acquired Tripoli.
The colonial policy of paternalistic coun tries as Spain, Portugal and France naturally differed from that of commercial and industrial nations like England and Holland. In the former the expense and risk of colonizing was borne by the government, who retained direct control over the colonies and their productions; but in the latter the work, being too much for individual enterprise, was entrusted to com panies, whose charters conferred on them not only exclusive privileges in regard to trading, but also extensive powers of conquest and administration. In respect to trade a very ex clusive and jealous policy long prevailed, but since the adoption of a free-trade policy in Great Britain the whole trade of her colonies has been thrown open without reserve, as far as the privileges of the mother country are concerned, to the competition of foreign na tions. Other countries, while not following her commercial policy entirely have relaxed more or less the stringency of the regulations affect ing their colonial trade. See AMERICA COL ONIZATION AND DISCOVERY ; CANADA - ERA OF EARLY DISCOVERIES ; COLONIES AND COLONIZA TION; IMPERIALISM.
Bibliography.—Altamira y Crevea, R., (Historia de Espafia y de la Civilization Espanola' (3 vols., Barcelona 1902)) ; Lannoy De, C., and Van der Linden, H.,
de l'expansion coloniale des peuples Europeens) (Brussels 1908); Root, W. J.,
and Its Colonies> (London 1898); Hassert, K.,