PAMUNKEY AND TOTOPOTOMOY), reaching Cold Harbor (q.v.) 2 June. On the 3d Grant as saulted along his whole line, to meet in an hour with terrible slaughter and repulse, so serious that an order for a second assault was not carried out. Grant had failed to interpose between Lee and Richmond. From Cold Har bor he sent Sheridan with his cavalry to occupy the attention of Fitzhugh Lee's and Hampton's (qq.v.) cavalry while he withdrew to the James. Sheridan defeated both at Trevilian Station. (See TREVILIAN RAID; also SAINT MARY'S CHURCH). Grant then moved without inter ruption to the reaching it 13 June, and crossing it in the vicinity of City Point and Bermuda Hundred (q.v.). General Butler had occupied these points 5 May. (See also Swirr CREEK). On the 14th Butler carried the outer defenses of Drewry's Bluff (q.v.), but was thence driven back by Beauregard's troops, who had arrived from the south, and his contem plated movement toward Petersburg (q.v.) and ber Butler, supported by Porter's fleet, was sent to capture Fort Fisher (q.v.), but failed. Dur ing the winter the lines of each army were greatly strengthened. On 7 December Grant had extended his left 20 miles to Hicksford on the Weldon Railroad. On 22 June Gen. James H. Wilson, with two divisions of cavalry, moved against the railroads south of Richmond, destroying nearly 50 miles of track, and in flicting much other serious damage. His return route was blocked, but he brought his forces in with some loss of both artillery and trains. He had severed all railroad connections with Richmond, and they were not fully restored for several weeks. (See WELDON AND SOUTH SIDE RAILROADS). Gen. Franz Sigel's campaign began 1 May. On the 15th he moved up the Shenandoah to New Market and was defeated, cadets from the Virginia Military Institute tak ing prominent part. At Grant's request Sigel was suspended and Gen. David Hunter assigned. The latter pushed on to Lynchburg (see PIED mom.), but was compelled by Gen. Jubal A. Early (E.2 to retreat from that point by way of the awha and Ohio rivers to Parkers burg, and thence by rail to the east. Gen. George Crook's wing of Sigel's column from the Kanawha penetrated to the Tennessee and Virginia Railroad at Wytheville (q.v.). See
also CLOYD'S MOUNTAIN.
On 6 May General Shemian moved from the vicinity of Chattanooga against General Johnston at Dalton (q.v.). The Union army had in round numbers 100,000, the Confederates being about half as strong. After vainly at taclung the gaps and ranges in front of Dalton for several days, Sherman passed his army through Snake Creek Gap leading to the rear of Dalton. This compelled General Johnston to retire from his camps, and he was defeated at Resaca (q.v.). Johnston resisted stubbornly at every step, but he was successively flanked out of every new position until he reached Atlanta.
(See ROME; DALL NEW HOH CHURCH; MARIETTA ; PINE MOUNTAIN ; KOLBS FARM ; KENESAW MOUNTAIN; SMYRNA CAMP GROUND).
Fighting had been in progress at some points of the line from May till September. Johnston was succeeded by Hood 18 July, and on the 20th Hood attacked at Peach Tree Creek (q.v.) and was repulsed with great loss. He then moved out of Atlanta and attacked, and was again de feated. ( See LKGGErr's OR BALD HILL). General McPherson, commanding thc Army of the Tennessee, was killed. The next attack was at Ezra (..hurch (q.v.) 28 July, upon the Army of the Tennessee, this also being repulsed after three hours' severe fighting, with much loss.
See also STONEMAN'S MACON RAID.
On 2 September Sherman occupied Atlanta, which was evacuated as a result of his moving to the rear of the city on Jonesboro (q.v.) Hood first raided Sherman's railroad communi cations, fighting heavily at Allatoona 5 October, and soon after moved northward. General Thomas was sent to resist his movement if he invaded Tennessee, and Sherman started 15 November on his March to the Sea (q.v.' See also GRISWOLDVILLE). While it was originally intended by General Grant that he should move from Atlanta to Mobile, the harbor there hav ing been captured 5-23 August by Farragut and Canby, he decided upon the alternative which Grant had suggested before the campaign opened, and started for Savannah.
The fight of Farragut's fleet in the harbor of Mobile, which decided Sherman's march to Savannah, was one of the most brilliant in naval warfare. (See Fowl. Gams AND Fort