Charcoal
Charcoal. Any Vegetable Matter Burned In A Pit, Or Other Place Without Free Access To Air, Is Converted Into Charcoal. It Is Usually Burned As Follows: Logs Or Billets Of Wood Are Piled Either Horizontally Or Vertically Into A Dome-shaped Ma,,s, A Chimney Being Left In The Centre About Four ...
Cherry
Cherry. Prunus Cerasus. The Cherry Of Horticulturists Was Said To Have .been Brought From Ceresus, A City In Pontus, To Italy, After The -defeat Of Mithridates, By Lucullus. About One Hundred And Twenty Years Afterwards, Or In A.d. -55, It Was Taken To Britain By The Romans. A Fruit Universally ...
Chess
Chess. Bromus. Brome-grass. Dr. Dar Lington, In Weeds And Useful Plants, Carefully And Tersely Describes This Pest Of Our Winter Wheat Fieldsdand Also Controverts The Popular Idea Of Transmutation. We Know Some Other Wise Intelligent Men, Who Still Believe That Wheat Will Turn To Chess, Nay, That Oats Will Turn ...
Chester White Swine
Chester White Swine. The Chester County, Or Chester White Hogs, Originated In Chester County, Penn., Sometime In 1818, Through The Introduction Of A Pair Of Pigs Said To Have. Been Brought There, From Bedfordshire, England, By A Sea Captain, James Jeffries. These Were Bred, And Crossed Upon The Best White ...
Chestnut
Chestnut. C Use Anea Americana. This Most Valuable Timber And Ornamental Tree Has A Wide Range, Being Found From Maine To Michigan And South. In The States West Of Lake Michigan It Is Not Indigenous, Neither Is It Found, We Be Lieve, Unless Planted, West Of The Mississippi River, Either ...
Chiccory
Chiccory. Cichorinm. This Plant, Also Called Succory And Wild Endive (c. Intybta), Is A Naturalized Foreigner, And, Being Hardy, Where It Gets Hold Is A Troublesome Weed. C. Eildiria, In Europe, Is Esteemed And Used As A Salad Plant, When About A Foot High, The Tops Being Tied Together, Over ...
Chinch Bug
Chinch Bug. Lificropus Leucopterus. This Bug, When Favorable Seasons Allow It To Increase Largely, Is One Of The Most Destructive Of Noxious Insects. The Wheat Midge, The Grain Plant Louse, The Hessian Fly, Destructive As They Are In Particular Seasons, Are, All Combined, Not To Be So Dreaded As This ...
Chocolate
Chocolate. From The Fact That The Pre Paration Called Chocolate, A Product Of The Nut Of The Chocolate Tree (theobroma Cacao), Is Now Extensively Used, Makes It Deserving Of More Than A Passing Notice. Its Name, Theobroma (food Of The Gods), Was Given By Linnteus, Who Was Excessively Fond Of ...
Choke
Choke. There Are Two Forms Of Choke—the High And Low Choke. The High Choke Is The Most Quickly Fatal Unless Relieved. The Cause Is Some Substance Lodged In The Throat, As An Apple, Potato, Etc., In Swallowing. Some Stable-keepers Foolishly Put An Egg Down The Throat Of A Horse, Out ...
Cholera Of Swine
Cholera Of Swine. There Are Many Forms Of Malignant Disease That Go Under The Name Of Hog Cholera. Three Different Forms Of Disease, However, Are Popularly Included Under This Name : Charbon Or Malignant Anthrax, Con Tagious Pleuro-enteritis, And Epizootic Catarrh. The First Is Destructive To Cattle, As Well As ...
Churning
Churning. The Improvement In The Man Ufacture Of Butter Within The Last Few Years, Has Led To The Invention Of A Great Many Modifica Tions Of The Barrel-churn, Where It Is To Be Pro Pelled Hy Power. Dairymen Each Have Their Preferences, But As A Rule, The Revolving Princi Ple ...
Cicada
Cicada. Harvest Flies, Incorrectly Called Locusts, Are Not Especially Injurious, Although In Three Stages Of Their Existence, As Larva, Pupa, And In The Perfect Winged State, They Live On The Sap Of Plants. The True Locust, Incorrectly Called Grasshopper, Will Be Treated Under The Name Locust. The Cicada Belongs To ...
Cider
Cider. Cider Is The Juice Of The Apple After It Undergoes The Natural Or Vinous Fernaentation. Sweet Cider Is That Fresh From The Press And Which Has Undergone Only A Slight Fermentation. Good Cider Is Only Made From Sound, Ripe Apples, And Its Use And Manufacture Has Been Known Ever ...
Circulation Of The Sap
Circula.tion Of The Sap. The Circula Tion Of The Sap In Plants Was, Until Within A Few Years Past, A Source Of Wonderment, And Various Theories, Some Of Them Ridiculous Enough, Were Advanced By Learned (?) Rnen Of The Scholastic Class. Even Now, Comparatively Little Is Posi Tively Known As ...
Cisterns
Cisterns. In All Countries Subject To A Lack Of Water At Certain Seasons Of The Year, Resort Is Had To Cisterns Or Tanks For Holding A Supply. Few Persons Appreciate The Large Amount Of Water Which May Be Supplied By The Roofs Of Ordinary Farm Buildings, For Family And Stock ...
Clay
Clay. The General Name, Clay, Is Commonly Applied To All Tenacious Sub-soils Of A Homogene Ous Nature. The Name Signifies Viscous, Or Sticky. Pure Clay Is A Mixture Of Silex (of Which Quartz, Flint, And Most Sand And Sand-stones Are Composed) And Alumina—this Latter Being Com Posed Of The Metal ...
Cleveland Bay Horse
Cleveland Bay Horse. From 'remote Times The Cleveland And The Vale Of Pickering, In The East Riding Of Yorkshire, Have Been Cele Brated For Their Breeds Of Horses, Adapted To Gen Eral Work, Hunting, Carriage Horses, And All That Class Of Labor Requiring Style, A Good Turn Of Speed, And ...
Climate
Climate. Climate Affects The Agriculturist, So Far As The Product Of The Soil Is Concerned. In An Important Degree; Heat, Rainfall, Humidity, Air Currents, All Operating For Or Against The Fertility Of The Soil. The Principal Point,s Collected From A Variety Of Sources, As Relating To The United States Generally, ...
Clover
Clover. Trifolium. Of The True Clovers. The Principal Varieties Are, The Common Meadow Clover; Mammoth, Sometimes Called Grape Vine Clover; Medium Clover Or Zigzag Clover; Alsike Clover Or Swedish Clover, And White Or Dutch Clover. Other Varieties Of Inferior Merit,. Or Else Worthless, Are Stone Clover Or Rabbit-foot, (t Arvense); ...
Cochin China Fowls
Cochin China Fowls. The Introduc Tion Of These Fowls Into England Dates Back To ' 1843, And Soon After Tbat Date, They Were Intro Duced Into The United States. As An Indication . Of The Admirable Qualities Of These Fowls, It Will Only Be Necessary To Give The Principal Varieties ...
Cockroach
Cockroach. Of The Cockroaches, The Most Common And The Most Destructive Species, In This Country, Is The Oriental Cockroach. This Insect Is Said To Have Been Introduced From Asia Into, Europe, And From Europe Into America, And It Is Presumed That There Is Not Now A Maritime Nation In The ...
Coffee
Coffee. This Is An Important Plant In The Agriculture Of Many Intertropical Countries. The Coffee Plant Has Been Lately Introduced Into The United States Under The Erroneous Supposition That It Might Be Acclimated, Which Is, Of Course, Destined To Result In Failure. It Is Probable That The Plant May Survive ...
Cohesion
Cohesion. The Force Which Binds Together Similar Particles. The Strain Which Any Wood Or Metal Bears Is A Measure Of Its Cohesion. The Following Is A Tabular View Of The Absolute Cohe Sion Of Timber. Employed In Building And Carpen Try, Showing The Load Which Would Rend A Prism Of ...
Colic
Colic. An Irritation Of The Stomach Or Intes Tines Produced By Various Causes, Inducing Pain And Griping ; Mild Cases Are Readily Alleviated By Laudanum In The Human Subject. There Are Two Forms Of Colic, Spasmodic And Flatulent. In Horses, Spasmodic Colic Sometimes Runs Into Inflamma Tion. Sometimes One Is ...
Conservatory
Conservatory. In Horticulture, A Glazed Structure, In Which Exotic Trees And Shrubs Are Grown In A Bed Or Floor Of Soil. Technically, It Is Distinguished From A Greenhouse By The Plants Being Planted In The Free Soil, And Thus Growing Up From The Floor, While In The Greenhouse The , ...
Cooking And Kitchen Art
Cooking And Kitchen Art. Owiting (;(neral. Since The Advent Of -cooking Stoves, And Especially Since The Later Improvements In Kitchen Stoves And Ranges, There Is No Reason Why Bad Or Indifferent Cook Ing Should Be The Rule. However Simple The Dishes, (and Expensive Dishes Do Not Constitute Good Living), The ...
Corns
Corns. Small Swellings Or Tumors On The Sensitive Sole In The Triangular Space Between The Bars And The Wall Of The Heel, Generally In The Inside And, Always On The Fore Feet, Are Called Corns. They Are Usually The Effect Of Bad Shoe Ing, But Sometimes Occur From A Bruise ...
Cotswold Sheep
Cotswold Sheep. The Cotswold Are An Old English Breed Of Sheep And, As Improved, Rank As Among The Very Best Of The Long Wooled Breeds As They Are Among The Largest. They Began To Be Imported Into The United States About 1832, Since Which Time They Have Been Generally Dissem ...
Cotton
Cotton. (goasypiumherbaceuni.) This, One Of The Most Important Of Agricultural Plants, And Cultivated In Every Civilized And Semi-civilized Country Of The Globe Where It Will Mature, Belongs To The Mallow Family. Botanists Are Uncer Tain As To The Number Of Distinct Species Of This Plant. De Can Dolle Describes Thir ...
Cranberry
Cranberry. The Cranberry ( Vaccinium) Is A Native Of Bogs In Various Parts Of The United States, North In The Northwest, There Are Vast Tracts Covered With The Vines, Principally In Northern Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin And Min Nesota. The Species Is Highly Valued For Its Grate Ful Acid Fruits, For ...
Cranberry Insects
Cranberry Insects. The Study Of Insects Injurious To The Cranberry, Has Not Been Prosecuted To So Great An Extent By Entomologists, As Liave Insects Injurious To Other Eitikorgs. This Prob Ably From The Fact, That Until Wi A Few Years, The Cranberry Has Not Been Extensively Cultivated, The Principal Dependence ...
Cress
Cress. Peppergrass. Lepidium Sativum. A Hardy Annual, A Native Of Persia. The Leaves Of Cress Are Eaten, When Young, As A Salad, Either Separately Or Mixed With Lettuce Or Other Salad Plants, Thus Imparting Their Warm Pungent Taste. To Cultivate Cress The Soil Should He Made Very Firm, And The ...
Cricket
Cricket. -achetadce. Crickets Belong To The Jumpers, Which Include Crickets, Grasshop Pers And Locusts. They Are By Far The Most Prolific And Most Destructive Of Orthopterous Insects. There Are A Number Of Varieties, Of Which The Common Black Cricket (acheta Abbre Viata) Is The Most Abundant. Like The Locust, Scarcely ...
Cucumber Beetle
Cucumber Beetle. (diabratica Vittata.) This Insect Is Very Destructive To Young Cucum Ber, Melon, And Squash Vines, And Even To The Blossoms Of The Pear, Cherry, And Apple Trees. The Cucumber Beetle, In May And June, Eats The Bark Of Cucumber And Other Plants, And The Larv Perforate And Hollow ...
Curculio
Curculio. This Is A Name Given By The Ancient Romans To The Corn Weevil. The Weevil& Belonging To The Family Curculionida4, Are Short, Thick Beetles, The Antennee Bent Or Elbowed Near The Middle, The First Joint Being Longer Than The Rest. Feelers Not Perceptible. They Vary In The Form, Length ...
Curing Meats
Curing Meats. The Curing Of Meats, By Means Of Kelt, Has Been Known From Quite Remote Antiquity. The Simple Use Of Salt As A Preservative Was Not Specially Improved On Until Within The Present Centmy. Since That Time, The Use Of Saltpetre Has Come Into General Use, And Later, Sugar ...
Cutting Ice
Cutting Ice. (see Ice Harvesting.) Cut Worivis. (agroticlicks.) The Larvm Of The May-beetle, The White Grub Worm, And The Larvw Of The Click Beetles (wire Worms) Are, In Connection With The True Cut Worms, Very Often Incorrectly Called Cut Worms In Many Parts Of The United States. The True Cut ...
Cypress
Cypress. Tctxodlum. Of The Varieties Of The Taxodium, Natives Of The 'united States And Mexico, It Will Only Be Necessary To Mention The Deciduous Cypress, Or Bald Cypress Of The Southern States, Which Occasionally Is Found Growing As Far As 39° North. It Assumes, Like The Elm, Many Distinct Forms ...
Dairy Buildings
Dairy Buildings. The Adaptation Of Buildings To The Special Wants Of The Farm Is One Of The Departures That Has Gradually Grown Up, And Which, Within The Last Fifteen Or Twenty Years, Has Been So Improved That, Now, Barns And Dairy Houses For The Special Manufacture Of Butter And Cheese, ...
Dairy Fixtures
Dairy Fixtures. The Principal Appa Ratus For Large Dairies Should Be, A Steam Engine, Or Other Means For Heating And Power, Cheese Presses, Cheese Vats, Cnrcl Cutters, Clippers, Pans, Or Other Utensils For Setting Milk And Raising Cream; Also Churns, Butter Table And Worker-, Pails, And C;ans For Milk, And ...
Dairying
Dairying. The Importance Of The Dairy Interest Of The United States, And The Magnitude It Has Assumed Vvithin The Last Tcn Years, The Con Stant Multiplication Of Factories For The Manufac Ture Of Butter And Cheese, Especially In The West, And The Constant Interest In New Processes For Cheapening Production, ...
Deodorize
Deodorize. The Substances Used To Des Troy Noxious Smells, Are Various, And Each Year, Through The Investigation Of Chemists, Gives Us New Ones. The Object Sought In Deo Dorizing Is To Fix The Volatile Particles Which Would Otherwise Escape, Often Iu The Form Of Noxious Gases, And To Render The ...
Devon Cattle
Devon Cattle. The Devons Are Among The Very Oldest Of The Distinctive Breeds Of Cattle In Great Britain, As They Are Still The Best Adapted To Hilly Countries And Scant Pasturage Wherever Beef, Labor At The Yoke, And Milk Are To Be Taken Into Consideration. As Grazing Cattle They Are ...
Dew Point
Dew Point. In The Article On Dew, We Showed The Manner In Which Dew Is Deposited, And Some Of The Phenomena Connected There With. It Will Only Be Necessary Here To Say That The Temperature At Which Dew Begins To Form Is Called The Dew Point. This Is A Temperature ...
Diseases Of Yard
Yard, Diseases Of. Diseases Of The Sex Organs Of Both Horses And Mares Are Not Uncom Mon, And For The Rea,son That Stallions Are Given Undue And Exhaustive Commotion Together With Artificial Surroundings In Care And Exercise. The Trouble Generally Is External And Internal In Flammation Of The Yard, And ...
Disinfection
Disinfection. Disinfection Is Very Differ Ent In Its Action From Deodorizing, Previously Treated Of, Since To Properly Disinfect We Must Absolutely Destroy The Poison Germs, Many Of Them Of The Most Virulent Nature. These Sources Of Infection Are Generally So Subtile As To Be Entirely Unobserved By Our Special Senses. ...
Draining
Draining. The Subjeet Of Drainage Is One Of The Most Important That Can Interest The Farmer. Modern Appliances Aided By Science Has Now Ren Dered The Task Of Thorough Drainage So Simple And Easy That There Seems No Excuse For Allowing The Soil To Lie Water-soaked, For Perhaps Two Or ...
Drenches
Drenches. The Giving Of Medicines In A Liquid Form, Is Called Drenching. A Common Utensil From Which To Give, Is A Horn Properly Prepared. A Strong, Long Necked Bottle Is Better. In Giving The Dose, Hold The Animal's Head Up So The Line Of The Nose Is Horizontal. Draw Out ...
Drought
Drought. The Question Of Moisture Suln Cient For The Growth Of Plants, In Particular Sea Sons Especially, Is One Of The Most Important Prob Lems Which The Farmers Beyond A Line One Hundred Miles West Of The Mississippi, Have To Solve. .a.s We Proceed West The Integer Becomes An Increas ...
Duck
Duck. Anas. The Family Comprises Many Varieties. The Domestic Varieties, As Compared To The Wild, Are But Few. The Most Import Ant Of The Domesticated Ducks Are, The Mal Lard, The Aylesbury, The Rouen, The Musk, Or Brazilian Duck, Incorrectly Called Muscovy, And Also Guinea Duck, The Black East Indian, ...
Earth
Earth. In An Agricultural Sense, Earth Is Clay, Saod, Loam, Peat, Bog Earth, Etc., In A Mixture Seldom Pure, Comprising Various Soils Adapted To The Growth Of Plants. Mold, On The Contrary, Is Humus Earth, Or That Arising From The Decomposition Of Barnyard Manure, Leaves, Or Other Vegetable Substances. Except ...
Effect Of Air And
Plants, Effect Of Air And Light On. White Is Said To Be No Color At All. It Is, However, Tangible Enough To Our Sense Of Sight. It Would Seem To Be The Primary Color, Because The So-called Decolorization Of A Substance Results In White. Air And Water, In A Fluid ...
Efflorescence
Efflorescence. Some Salts, Like Car Bonate Of Soda Or Soda Ash, By Exposure To Air Lose Their Transparency, And Become White, Crum Bling Into Powder. This Is Termed Efflorescence. In Geology The Appearance Of Crystals Upon Earthy, Rocky,or Other Mineral Surfaces, Is Termed Efflorescence. Egg. Birds And Most Insects And ...
Egg Plant
Egg Plant. Solanum Melongena. The Solanum Family Furnishes Two Of The Most Valu Able Plants For The Use Of Man, The Potato And Egg Plant. The Tomato Was Originally Classed As A Solanum, But Now Is Classed As A Lycopersicum, The Cultivation Of The Egg Plant Is Of Very Ancient ...
Elater
Elater. Click-beetle, Spring-beetle. Eu Terides. This Beetle, From Its Habit Of Suddenly Springing In The Air, And Landing On Its Feet When Placed On Its Back, Is Well Known, Especially Among Children. The Larvw Are All Destructive From Their Habit Of Feeding On The Roots Of Vege Tation, And Should ...
Electricity
Electricity. This Is One Of The Most Important And Potent Forces In Nature, And Especially Interest.ing To The Agriculturist, Now That It Is Known To Be A Valuable Factor In The Growth Of Plants, And Also In Its Various Action In The Phenomena Of Nature As Affecting Rainfall, The Formation ...
Elements
Elements. In Chemistry, Bodies Which Have Never Been Decomposed Or Resolved Into. Their Components By Artificial (chemical) Means. Elm. Utinus. The Elm Is One Of The Most Beautiful Of American Trees, When Planted Singly. In Fact, It Is The Most Beautiful, Size And Grace Of Form And Beauty Being Especially ...
Emarginate
Emarginate. In Botany, Notched, Having A Sharp Indentation On The Leaf, Etc. Emasculate. To Castrate. Animals, Viz. : Oviparous, Viviparous, And Spon Taneous Generation. Oviparous Generation Was That Form In Which The Female Parent Produced Eggs, From Which The Young Were Hatched, As In Most Fish, Reptiles, And Birds. Viviparous ...
Endive
Endive. Chicarium Endivia. This Plant, In Great Repute In Europe, Is Used For Salads, The Blanched Leaves Being The Edible Part. It Is A Hardy Annual, Said To Have Come Originally From China,. The Seeds Are Sown Early In Spring In A Mellow, Prepared Bed And, When They Have Attained ...
English Blood Horse
Blood-horse, English. The History Of' The Blood-horse In England Has Been So Accurately And Carefully Traced By The Late William Henry Herbert, One Of The Most Accomplished Writers Of Horses And Field Sports, In America,from An Eng Lishman's View, That We Accept Therefrom So Much As Will Give A Correct ...
English Draft Horse
English Draft Horse. The Old Black Cart Horse Of England, Was One Of The Distinc Tive Breeds Of English Horses, From An Early Period. They Are Hardly Knqwn In The United States As A Distinctive Breed, Although They Have Undoubtedly Exercised More Or Less Influence On The Ordinary Work Horses ...
Enteritis
Enteritis. Inflammation Of The Bowels. In The Article Colic, Is Presented The Difference In Symptoms Between Colic And Inflammation Of The Bowels, And For The Reason That The Latter Is Often Mistaken For The Former. In Fact, Ignorant Stablemen Seem Fond Of Calling Any Difficulty Of The Internal System Belly-ache, ...
Entomology
Entomology. This Is The Science Which Treats Of The Habits, Transformations, And Physical Structure Of Insects; Or The Science Or Natural History, And Description Of Insects. An Insect Is An Articulate Animal Form, Having The Body Com Posed Of Three Distinct Parts, The Head, Corslet Or Thorax, And Abdomen ; ...
Erysipelas
Erysipelas. This Is An Inflammation Of The Skin And Tissues Beneath Which, In A Malig Nant Form, Spreads Largely And Forms Abscesses. A Wound For Instance, Will He Found Hot,swollen, Tender And Shining. This Extends About The Sur Face, And Often Deep Into The Muscular Tissue. The Surface Will Be ...
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus. None Of The Species Of Eucalyptus Are Capable Of Standing The Climate Of The United States, Except The Warmer Parts Of Florida And Some Portions Of California. Ten Degrees Of Frost Will Kill Them. E. Globulus, Or The Blue Gum Tree Of New South Wales Is A Fast Growing, ...
Evaporation
Evaporation. Vapor Is Passed Off From Water, Or Moisture Contained In Any Matter, In Just Proportion To The Heat Applied, And The Dryness Of The Air. Air Saturated With Mois Ture, Can Take Up No More, And Then The Vapor Of Evaporation In Being Passed Off, Becomes Condensed On The ...
Experiment
Experiment. Experiments In Agricul Ture Are, And Must Necessarily Always Be. Of Supreme Value, Since The Art Must Ever Be Pro Gressive, And Varieties And Conditions Ever Changing. The Testing Of New Varieties Should Be Carried Forward Every Year. More Or Less, And By Every Farmer; For, Only By This ...
Fairs
Fairs. The Systernatic Holding Of Agricul Tural Fairs Is Comparatively A Modern Idea. Fairs As They Have Existed For A Long Tirne In Europe, Have Been Until Lately, Devoted Almost Solely To Barter And Sale. During The Last Century These Have Steadily Dwindled In Importance, As Com Merce And Better ...
Fall Web Worm
Fall Web Worm. Hyphantria Textor. This Is A Common Caterpillar. And Particularly Annoying From Its Habit Of Forming Its Large Webs, Not Only On Forest Trees But Also On Fruit Trees, August Being The Season Wnett They Are Formed In The North. The Caterpillar Is Green Ish-yellow, Dotted With Black, ...
Farm Accounts
Farm Accounts. One Of The Most Curious Facts, In Agricultural Economy, Is, That Probably Not One Farmer In Ten Ever Keeps A Correct Book Account Of Debit And Credit On The Farm. Conse Quently His Only Means Of Knowing Which Crops Pay Best, Or In Fact Which Pay At All, ...