origin. Vine a good grower, productive, said to be inclined to overbear. The following is tbe classification of grapes with full size illustrations of American species: Vitis labresca, see illus tration page 415, variety Concord ; cestivalis, see page 416, variety Devereux ; eordifolia, page 419, variety Clinton; and V. vulpina, page 418, variety Scuppernong. Upon these species of American grapes we give the following notes : Vitis iabrusca furnishes by far the largest number of varieties. The superior size attained both in bunch and berry, the hardiness and productiveness of the plants, and the fair qualities of the fruit, in many of the varieties, have, no doubt, encour aged the production of seedlings from this sec tion. The Catawba belongs to this class and was brought into cultivation more than half a century ago, and the estimation in which it is still held is proved by the fact that the highest recommenda tion which a new variety can receive in a pub lished list is that it is as good as a well-ripened Catawba, and this can be truthfully said of only a very few of even the most popular varieties. The fact that the Catawba, suffers so frequently from fungoid and other diseases, and the length ened season that is required for the perfection of its fruit, have caused it to be in a great degree superseded by varieties inferior in quality but hardier and healthier, and of earlier maturity. For table use, the species in its improved varie ties, will probably always occupy a prominent position in a large portion of the Eastern and the Middle States, as well as in the northern sections of the Western States; and in those regions where the climate will not favor the maturity of the as that of the fox grape, and rot in the berries is comparatively unknown. Some of the best wines made in this country are produced from varieties of this family. The distinction, so well under stood and acted upon in Europe, between grapes for table use and those for wine, must also be recognized here sooner or later, if the wine interest is to be brought up to any great degree of excel lence, and maintained as a source of national industry and wealth. The mountain slopes and plateaux in Virginia, North Carolina, Ten nessee, Arkansas, -Missouri, and other Southern States must be looked upon as the great produc ing regions of this continent for a certain class best varieties of this class, the inferior kinds will occupy their place. Vitis Eestivalis is pre-em inently the wine grape of the Atlantic States Owing to the fact that none of the varieties except the Elsinburgh will ripen north of the parallel of 40°, unless it may be in some pecu liarly favored situation, they have not been extensively planted, and their superior qualities are but little known. The berries are destitute of pulp, and the juice contains a larger percent age of sugar than any other improved American species. The foliage is not so liable to disease of the wines, not excepting California and other favored sections of the Pacific coast. It is well understood that warm, dry countries produce high wines of much spirit, but greatly deficient in the delicate aroma, exquisite bouquet, and healthful tonic properties possessed by wines produced in climates having a long season of comparatively equable temperature, which have in all ages been renowned for their super-exce12 cent qualities. Vitis cordifolia represents the inost healthy grapes of the Northern States. The foliage is rarely attacked by mildew, 4t1though the leaves, possibly owing to their smoothness, are occasionally injured by insect punctures. The fruit is not subject to rot, and _is noted for keeping well attar being gathered -from the plant. It is late in maturing, and -seetns to reach its highest condition by remain ing on the vine until the thermometer indicates proximity to the freezing point, when, even in northern localities, it proves to be a fruit of fair -quality- either for table or wine. Of course its quality is greatly improved by the length and _geniality of the season of growth; for example, -those who are familiar with the fruit only as a production of Massachusetts would not recog nize its flavor and vinous character as ripened in _southern Maryland or Virginia. The greatest ob jection to it as a wine grape is that of having too much acid. The fruit is not so deficient in sugar as is generally supposed, having enough of this important ingredient for a good wine. The grapes of this class have been condemned, it may be with undue haste, as wine grapes, on account of their acidity. Analysis shows that they have a suffi ciency of sugar, and it seems probable that the wines only require age to develop their qualities. It is known that wines from the Clinton variety, --when kept in a suitable cellar from four to six years, assume a very fine character. There is abundant evidence to favor the belief, that if as much time and care had been devoted to the improvement of this species as has been given to the Fox family, we should now be in possession of a good northern red-wine grape. Vitis vul pina is strictly confined to the Southern States, not growing nort,h of Virginia, and in foliage and wood is very unlike any other grape, either native or foreign. It is peculiarly adapted to a low, warm country, flourishing IN ell in rich allu vial soils, and on the low banks of streams. It is entirely exempt from mildew, rot or any of the diseases so disastrous to some northern species. As a wine grape its unequaled bouquet (perfu me) is the principal recommendation. It is deficient in sugar, and the. juice is usually gallized, fortified by the addition of alcohol, or otherwise manip ulated. In sheltered places, more particularly in cities, many varieties of tbe foreign grape, Vitis vinifera, flourish for atirne, and this isolated and partial success maintains a lingering hope in the minds of some persons that the difficulties per taining to the general field culture of this species in the Atlantic States may ultimately be over come. There would seem to he, however, no
real encouragement for such hope. So many experiments have been made with numerous varieties previous to and during the present cen tury, all ending with the same disappointing results, that we are foreed to the settled convic tion, that they are not adapted to the climate of this country at least east of the Rocky moun tains. On the western coast, in the Pacific States, they form the staple crop of the vine yards and succeed equally as well as in the best locations in Europe, and far better than in sonne of them, The only cause of failure is that of fungoid growths, or mildew, on the young fruit and foliage. Both the length and warmth of our summers are sufficient to ripen them over a large extent of territoiy. In Europe they are culti vated from the twenty-first to the fifty-second degree of latitude. The question of grape cul ture in the United States and Canada is an important one, for not only thoSe who make a business of grape culture are interested but every farmer is interested as well in the raising of those varieties adapted to his soil and cultivation. Where only one variety is to he cultivated the Concord will, of course, be taken, and for the reason, more than once given in this work, that it succeeds almost ever3rwhere where Indian corn will ripen, and in any soil (not subject to lokg inundation,) adapted to Indian corn. In the tables following will be found varieties adapted to every portion of the 'United States and Canada. Where it is desirable to cultivate a number of varieties, the reader should find no particular difficulty in selecting from the varieties given. In the far North the variety second to Concord may be Clinton, and then Delaware, if the vines are to be covered in winter, another point well worthy of reiteration, down to and even below the latitude of 42°, and for the reason, that thus the vines are assured from winter killing. In this connection it should also be remembered, especially in the West, wkere the summers are steadily warm and rather dry, that, many varieties that would certainly be winter killed, not only as to the buds, but the entire wood if lef t exposed, yet, laid down and with not more than four inches of earth covering during the winter, they will come out all right in the spring, and perfect their fruit during the summer and fall. Among these varieties may be mentioned all those which survive the winter without protection, from 200 to 300 miles south of a line where they are considered not hardy. In fact, many varie ties generally grown in graperies, with glass cover ing, will perfect their fruit, during the hot summers of the West if only thc vines can be preserved during the winter as we have desig nated above. Another thing which should be generally known by those not conversant vvith the fine art of grape growing, is, that European rules in relation to pruning, especially summer pruning, should be avoided. If the reader will recollect what we have said on this head, he will avoid close summer pruning. To' recapitulate, pinch so the side shoots will show three buds in the fall, and after the first of July cut out only superabundant growth. In the fall, before lay ing down, prune out all superabundant wood that may have been left. Thus your vines may be covered in properly for the winter, and will come out in the Spring ready to tie to stakes. The following is the list of grapes as recom mended by the American Pomological Society for different latitudes in the United States, witk size, form, color, quality and season of ripening; also, a list of the more valuable foreign grapes. for cultivation in the grapery or greenhouse, The columns explain as follows: Size—with. reference to the berry; 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form—with reference to bunch and berry; s. r., short bunch, round 'berry; 1. r., large and round; m. r. o., medium bunch, round ish oval berry; m. r., medium hunch, round berry. Color—b., black, or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddish or coppery-brownish red; g., ,greenish-white or yellowish. Quality—g., good; v. g.. very good; b., best. Use—T., table; M., market; W., wine. Season—E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin—Am., American. -* One star signifies doing well; ** two stars, .doing very well; a dagger signifies on trial. As the foreign grapes are for cultivation under zlass, they are not subject to those variations induced by climate or soil, and therefore they may he regarded as equally adapted to all local ities. Very few of the local committees have made any report in reference to these grapes. Tiled* below contains such as have been already adopted by the Society, with a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah, and sections of the Southern States, they require no artificial protection or heat; it has, therefore, been thought unnecessary to tabulate the States and Territories relative to them; but, taking the old catalogue, and simply adding to it a column relative to variety as adapted to a cold house, or its want of fire heat, in our Northern States, the old form is continued. The columns explain: 1st—The color of the fruit; 2d—flavor; 3d—sea son of maturity; 4th—cold, for a variety that does well without fire heat—hot, for a variety wanting fire heat. In flavor, the only distinction is between those that are simply sweet, as the Chasselas or Hamburgs, and those having a distinct musky aroma, as the Muscats.
and winged, the latter very rare. The leaf-form is said to be always wingless. The wingless fe male of the leaf-form lays, on an average, 200 eggs, and sometimes 500. There. are perhaps five