ZWINGLIANS. The followers of Ulrich (Fluldreich) Zwingli (1484-1531), the founder, with John Calvin (1509 1564), of the Reformed Church. The Zwinglians were the early Swiss Protestants. In 1506 Zwingli became parish priest at Glarus in Constance. From 1512 to 1515 he acted also as chaplain to the Swiss troops when they were in Italy. In 1516 he became preacher in the moms tery at Einsiedeln, to which pilgrims resorted to worship the Black Virgin. It was here that his career as a reformer began, for he preached that Christ alone can forgive and save. In 1519 he was appointed chief pastor of Zfirich and preacher in the Cathedral. From this time he began to show increasing zeal as a reformer, and to make his influence widely felt. He at once preached against the sale of Indulgences (q.v.). In 1522 he protested against the Catholic commands as to fasting. In the same year he was instrumental in obtaining the civil abolition of clerical celibacy. In January 1523 he debated at Ziirich with the vicar-general of the Bishop of Constance, and set forth sixty-seven theses of re formed doctrine. After this disputation the Reformation was inaugurated officially by the adoption of Zwingli's theses by the city. As the result of a second debate in October 1523 the Mass was condemned the worship of images abolished. In 1524 Zwingli married a widow, Anna Meyer. In the following year he administered the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper in both kinds to the people. In 1528 another disputation was held at Bern. and Zwingli set forth ten propositions. In these lie con tended thot the Christian Church is born of the Word of God; that Christ alone is its head, He alone is our salvation; that Holy Scripture does not teach a real, corporeal presence in the Holy Communion; that the doctrine of the Mass is contrary to Scripture; that Christ is the only mediator and intercessor; that the doctrine of Purgatory (q.v.) and the adoration of pictures and
images are contrary to Scripture; that marriage is lawful to all; and that immorality in the clergy is more dis honourable than in the laity. The result was that Bern also decided for the Reformation. In 1529 war broke out in Switzerland between the Protestant and Catholic Cantons. In the same year the Swiss and German Reformers conferred together. They met at Marburg. The Germans were represented by Martin Luther (1483 1546), Justus Jonas (1493-1555), Philipp Melanclithon (1497-1560), Andreas Osiander (1498-1552), and others. The Swiss were represented by Zwingli, John (lEcolam padius (1482-1531), Martin Bucer (1491-1551), and others. Luther submitted to the Conference fifteen articles. As to fourteen of these both parties were quite agreed. As to the fifteenth, however, there was a fundamental and insuperable difference of opinion. Luther held fast to a real corporeal presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Holy Communion. Zwingli rejected the real presence in every form, and maintained that there was only a symbolical presence, the rite being only com memorative of Christ's death. In 1530 Zwingli published his German ver-sion of the Bible. In 1531 war broke out again between the Protestant and Catholic Cantons. At Cappel the men of Ziirich were defeated on October 11, 1531, and Zwingli was one of the slain. He was suc ceeded by Henry Bollinger (1504-1575). See B. Puenjer; J. H. Blunt; Prot. Di-ct.; Chambers' Encycl.; B-rockhans' Encyclopaedia-; cp. M. 11'. Patterson, Hist.