General Anatomy also includes the study of certain fluids from which the membranes or textures are formed. The following is a list of the fluids and textures, given by Dr. Sharpey in Quain's 'Elements of Anatomy :' The Blood, Chyle, and Lymph.
Epidermis Tissue (including Epithelium, Cuticle, Nails, and Hairs). Pigment.
Adipose Tissue.
Cellular Tissue.
Fibrous Tissue.
Elastic Tissue.
Cartilage, and its varieties.
Bone or Osseous Tissue.
Muscular Tissue.
Nervous Tissue.
Blood-Vessels.
Serous and Synovial Membranes.
Mucous Membranes.
Skin.
Secreting Glands.
These textures and fluids will be treated of under their respective heads.
Descriptive and general anatomy, then, include an account of the structure of the body as it exists in the state of health. But there is no organ of the body, and no tissue which enters into its composition, which is not subject to disease; in consequence of disease, the regular or natural structure of the component substances of the body becomes changed in a great variety of modes. That part of anatomy which displays these diseased or morbid changes, and which describes all the circumstances relating to them, is called Pathological or Morbid Anatomy. We may say, then, that Descriptive Anatomy comprehends an account of all the parts or organs of the body as they exist in the state of health ; General Anatomy comprehends an account of all the separate substances of which those organs are composed, not as these substances exist combined in organs, but as they form distinct and peculiar substances ; Pathological Anatomy comprehends an account of all the changes of structure produced by disease, whether in individual organs, or in the primitive or common substances of which these organs are composed.
The term Anatomy, as we have seen, is chiefly applied to the science which determines the nature and relations of the various organs of the human body. A general term is here used in a restricted sense. On the other hand, when we would express the extension of the science of anatomy to the whole animal creation, we employ the general term with the addition of the word Comparative. This anomaly has doubtless proceeded from the circumstance that, till within a very recent period, the study of animal structure was almost exclusively confined to the human subject; and that even zoologists were contented with inquiring into the functions of animals, instead of determining the character of the organs which were connected with those functions. By the term Comparative Anatomy is understood the science which conveys a knowledge of the differenesas in the structure and organisation of the whole animal kingdom in all its chases, ordain, and species.
It is evident that a science possessing such an extensive range must be exceedingly imperfect ; especially when it is borne in mind that scarcely half a century has elapsed since the first attempts were made to simplify, by systematising, its almost infinite details. It has however made sufficient progress, not only to have furnished the moat important aids to the study of human anatomy and physiology, but to have supplied a secure and broad foundation for all zoological knowledge, both as regards existing and extinct races. As the basis of modern zoology, comparative anatomy presents a subject of the highest interest, and the most successful methods of classification have been produced mainly by its aid. [ANIMAL KINGDOM.) ANBUIt'Y and CLUB-ROOT, a sort of Galls produced by insects on the roots of cabbages, turnips, hollyhocks, and other species of culti vated plants, and popularly, but incorrectly, supposed to arise from peculiarities of soil, or from growing the same crop successively on the same field, or to be owing to variations of ieasODS. Nothing can be more simple than the disproof of all these theoretical notions. If we take some of the cabbages or turnips, whose roots are infected with anbury, and keep them in garden-pots covered over with close gauze, in a short time, if the plants be kept growing, the little weevile, evolved from the grubs in the interior of the roots, will make their appearance, ready to multiply their speCies, by depositing their eggs, as their parents had done, on the first turnip or cabbage they can find. The weevil thus arising continues to be no less, but often more, destructive than the grub had proved to be in feeding on the roots ; for it thrusts its beak (rostrum) into the seed-leaf of the turnip, and greatly injures the crop. When tho turnip is advanced to the rough leaf, these insects either die, as most insects do, when they have laid their elfge, or betake themselves to some other plant, such as clover, which is suited to their taste.
It will be therefore evident, that no peculiar rotation of crops, nor peculiar manure for dressing the soil, can be of any avail in preventing anbury, or in stopping its progress when the insects have obtained a lodgement within the roots. The destruction of the adult insects before they have laid their„ eggs, is the only remedy, though in the case of so small a species it is peculiarly difficult to effect.