Angelo
A'ngelo, Born At Florence In 1732, Studied At Rome, Where He Diatinguisbed Himself For His Ability In Latin Composition, Through Which Be Became Acquainted With The Learned Bottari, Who Introduced Him To The Papal Court. In 1766 Fabbroni Published The First Volume Of His Latin Biographies Of The Learned Men ...
Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom. All Natural Objects Are Referred By Naturalists To Three Great Divisions, Called The Kingdoms Of Nature. These Are Respectively Called After The Objects They Include, The Mineral Kingdom, Vegetable Kingdom, And Animal Kingdom. Although At First Sight Nothing Would Appear Easier Than Defining These Great Groups, In Such ...
Anna Jameson
*jameson, Anna, One Of Our Most Distinguished Female Writers On Art And General Literature, Is A Native Of Dublin, Where She Was Born Near The Close Of The Last Century. From Her Father, Mr. Murphy, An Artist Of Considerable Ability, She Derived Her Early Love Of Art And Knowledge Of ...
Anne Grant
Grant, Anne, Commonly Called Mrs. Grant Of Leggan, A Miscel Laneous Miter, Was Born At Glasgow On The 21st Of February 1755, Her Father Duncan Macvicar Held A Commission Iu The Army, And Served For Some Time In America Before The Revolution. He Possessed Considerable Estates In Vermont, Which On ...
Annibale Caracci
A_nnibale Caracci Was Born About 1560. Lodovico, After Instruct Ing Him In His Art, Retained Him With Himself. Annibale Exhibited A Perfect Contrast To The Phlegmatic Calmness Of Lodovico, To The Accom Plished Fickleness Of Agostino, And To The Amiable Mildness Of Both; He Was Rude And Impatient In Temper, ...
Anolis
Anolis (anolius, Cuvier), A Genus Of Saurian Reptiles, Belonging To That Section Of The Iguanias Which Cuvier Distinguishes By Having Teeth In The Palate Of The Mouth As Well As In The Maxillary Hones. They Are Readily Distinguished From The Iguanias, Properly So Called, The Liasilisks, And Other Genera Of ...
Anonacece
Anona'cece, Anenads, The Custard-apple-tribe, A Natural Order Of Plants Consisting Of Tropical Or Subtropical Trees And Bushes, That Usually Abound In A Powerful Aromatic Secretion, Which Renders The Flowers Of Sonic Highly Fragrant, The Leaves Of Others A Grateful Perfume, And The Dried Fruits Of Inany So Highly Aromatic As ...
Anoplotherium
Anoplothe'rium (from A Privative, Grxer, And Bo, That Is, A Boast Without Offensive Arms Or Tusks), In Fossil Zoology, A Genus Of Extinct Pachydermatous Quadrupeds, Discovered And Characterised By Baron Cuvier. The Bones Of These Singular Inhabitants Of A Former World, Occur In Great Quantities, Mixed With Those Of Tho ...
Anser
Anser, The Goose, A Genus Of Birds Which M. Brisson Separated From The Genus Anas Of Linnaus. Brisson Has Beeu Followed In This By Baron Envier, Vieillot, Lesson, Drapiez, And Fleming ; While Latham Adheres To Linnaeus, And Temminek Confines Amur To A Section Of A Nas. [goose.] Ant (formica), ...
Ant Eater
Ant-eater (myrmecophaga, Linnaeus), A Genus Of Edentala, Dis Tinguished By Their Total Want Of Teeth And Their Hairy Covering. The Latter Circumstance Separates Them From The Pangolins (monis), Or Scaly Ant-eaters Of Africa And Asia, Which They Resemble Closely In Other Respects, As Well In Their General Anatomy As In ...
Ant Foil Life
Ant Foil Life. Tenancy For Life Of Lands Or Tenements Is The Possession Of A Freehold Estate Or Interest, The Duration Of Which Is Confined To The Life Or Lives Of The Tenant Or Some Other Person Or Iiersons. The Estate Of The Tenant For Life Is Either (1) Such ...
Antelopes Of The Fields
Antelopes Of The Fields. These Are Again Divided Into Three Groups : 1. The True Antelopes, Which Have A Light Elegant Body; Slender Limb.; Small Hoofs; A Short Or Moderate Tail, 'severed With Elongated Hairs At The Base; Lyrate Or Conical Horns, Placed Over The Eyebrows. 2. The Cerrine D ...
Antennx
Antennx, Horn-like Members Placed On The Head, And Peculiar To Insects And Crustaceous Animnls. Their Functions Are Not Well Understood, And Have Given Rise To Several Different Opinions Among Naturalists. The Term Is Derived From The Latin Ante, 'before.' In Insects They Are Uniformly Two In Number ; But In ...
Anthony Collins
Collins, Anthony, Was Born In 167'3 At Heston, Near Liouna Low, In Middlesex. His Father, Henry Collins, Esq., Was An Independent Gentleman, With An Income Of 1800/. A Year. After The Usual Prepara Tory Studies At Eton, He Went To King's College, Cambridge, And Had For His Tutor Frauds Hare, ...
Anthony Gaubil
Gaubil, Anthony, A Learned Jesuit, Whose Labours Greatly Advanced Our Knowledge Of The Literature Of Eastern Asia, Was Born In Languedoo In 1689. He Entered The Society Of The Jesuits In 1704, And Was Sent In 1723 To China, Where He Applied Himself To The Study Of The Chinese And ...
Anthony Van Leuwenhoek Or
Leuwenhoek Or Leeuwenhoek, Anthony Van, Was Born At Delft In Holland In 1632, And Does Not Seem To Have Had The Advantage Of A Learned Education. The Skill Which He Possessed In Grindiug Glasses For Microscopes First Brought Him Into Notice, And His Microscopes Were Said Even To Excel Those ...
Anthracite
Anthracite, A Black, Light, Mineral Substance, Resembling Coal; So Named From Dsepat, Charcoal. It Is Also Called Blind-coal, Became It Burns Without Flame ; And Glance-coal, From The German Word Glans (lustre), Because It Has Often A Shining Surface Like Graphite Or Blacklead, As It Is Improperly Called, The Substance ...
Anthropolites
Anthropolites, The Name Given To Human Fossil Remains. Although At One Time It Was Thought That Human Remains Were Often Found Fossilised,.the Investigations Of Modern Anatomist; Have Shown That In Most Of These Cases The Supposition Has Been False. Daubenton First Demonstrated That Some Bones Which Had Long Been Regarded ...
Anthus
Anthus (bechstein), The Pipit, A Genus Of Birds Separated By Dr. Beclustein From The Linter-an Genus Alauda, A Separation Followed By Temminck, Cuvier, Lesson, And Selby, And Justly ; For Though The Pipits Have A Long Hind Claw, And Are Usually Coloured, Like The Larks, Their Bill Is More Slender, ...
Anti
Anti Lope/e, In Zoology, A Family Of Ruminating Mammals, Belonging To The Hollow-llornes1 Group, And Distinguished By The Following Characters. The Horns Conical, Bent Back, Cylindrical, Or Compreesed, And Ringed At The Ban. The Knee (or Wrist) In The Middle 0 F The Fore-leg. The Occipital Plane Of The Skull ...
Antimony
Antimony, A Silver-white Metal, Slightly Blue, And With A Very Brilliant Lustre. Its Hardness Is As Great As That Of Gold. It Has A Specific Gravity Of 6.7-6.8. It Does Not Combine With Oxygen At The Ordinary Temperature Of The Atmosphere, But Is Fused At A Temperature A Little Below ...
Antirrhpnum
Antirrhpnum, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Scrophulariacew. This Genus Is The Type Of A Section Of The Order To Which Also The Genera Linaria, Anarrhinum, Maurandia, Galresia, Lophospermum, And Illiodochiton Belong. It Is Characterised By A 5-parted Oblique Calyx ; A Personate Corolla, Gibbous At The ...
Antoine 11oudar De La
La. 310tte, Antoine 11oudar De, Was Born At Paris, 17th Of January 1672. His Father Was Originally A Hatter At Troyes, Where Be Possessed A Small Estato Called La 3lotte, Whence The Surname Of The Family Was Derived. After Completing His Studies At The Jesuits' College, Ito Turned His Atteutiou ...
Antoine Coysevox
Coysevox, Antoine, A Distinguished French Sculptor, Was Born At Lyon In 1610: His Family Was Originally Spanish. Ile Distin Guished Himself At Lyon As Early As Hi? Seventeenth Year By A Statue Of The Virgin, And He Went Afterwards To Paris To Perfect Himself Under Ldrambert. Ile Was Scarcely Twenty-seven ...
Antoine Denis Chaudet
Chaudet, Antoine Denis, A Celebrated French Sculptor, Born At Paris, In 1763. He Was The Pupil Of Stouf, And In 1784 He Obtained The Grand Prize Of The Academy For Sculpture, By A Bas-relief Of 'joseph Sold By His Brethren.' He Studied Some Time In Rome, And Returned To Paris ...
Antoine Deparcieux
Deparcieux, Antoine (often Written, But Erroneously, De Parcieux), An Able Mathematician, Was Born On The 18th Of October 1703, At The Village Of Cessoux, Near Nimes. His Father Was An Humble Peasant, And Unable To Afford Him The Least Education; But The Display Of His Precocious Talents Induced An Opulent ...
Antoine Jean Gros
Gros, Antoine-jean, Baron, One Of The Most Distinguished Of The Recent French Painters, Was Born At Paris In 1771. He Was A Pupil Of David, And Some Of His Earlier Pictures Are In The Dry Manner Of That Painter. One Of His First Works Of Note Was 'bonaparte On The ...
Antoine Laurent De Jussieu
Jussieu, Antoine Laurent De, An Eminent French Botanist, Was Born At Lyon In 1748, And Arrived At Paris In 1765 For The Purpose Of Completing His Education As A Medical Practitioner. He Was Then Placed Under The Care Of His Uncle, Bernard De Jussieu, At That Time One Of The ...
Antoine Laurent Lavoisieii
Lavoisieii, Antoine-laurent, An Eminent Chemical Philo Sopher, Was Born At Park On The 16th Of August 1743. His Father, Who Was Opulent, Spared No Expense In His Education, In Which He Acquired At The College Mazarin A Profound Knowledge Of Astronomy, Mathematics, Botany, And Chemistry. After Some Hesitation As To ...
Antoine Yves 00guet
00gue't, Antoine-yves, Born At Paris In 1716, Followed The Profession Of The Law, And Became Counsellor To The Parliament Of Paris. He Applied Himself Closely To Literature, And Especially To Historical Studies. The Result Of His Researches Appeared In His Work, 'origine Des Lois, Des Arts, Et Des Sciences, Chez ...
Antoinette Du Ligier De
Deshoulier Es, Antoinette Du Ligier De La Garde, A Freuch Poetess, Born Of Distinguished Psrents In 1633. Great Pains Were Taken With Her Education : She Learned The Latin, Italian, And Spanish Languages, And Studied Poetry Under The Poet Bement, Who Often Assisted Her In Her Juvenile Compositions, And Polished ...
Antonfnus Geta
Geta, Antonfnus, Younger Son Of The Emperor Septimius Severe*, Born About A.d. 190, Was Made Caesar And Colleague With His Father And Brother In 208. The Most Remarkable Circumstance Recorded Of Him Is The Dissimilarity Of His Disposition From That Of His Father And Brother, Who Were Both Cruel, While ...
Antonio Cagnoli
Cagno'li, Antonio, Born At Zante, September 29, 1743. He Was Attached To The Venetian Embassy At Paris, And Formed A Taste For Astronomy And An Intimacy With Lalande. He Built An Observatory In The Rue Richelieu, And Continued To Make It Useful Till 1786, When He Went To Verona, Where ...
Antonio Canal
Canal, Antonio, Called Camaletio, Was The Eon Of Bernardi Canal, Who, Although Desemeded From One Of The Noble Families O Verse, Followed The Profession Of A Mene-panter. Antonio Was Bon At Viola About 1697. Its Originally Followed His Father'. Occupation And The Style Of Hie Early Practice May Be Traced ...
Antonio Canoppi
Canoppi, Antonio, An Italian Artist, Who Resided During The Latter Half Of His Life In Russia, And Died At St. Petersburg Iu 1832 At The Age Of Fiftylcine. He Was Educated By His Father, Who Was Civil Engineer In The Eervice Of The Duke Of Modena, And Was Esteemed One ...
Antonio Canova
Cano'va, Antonio, Was Born November 1, 1757, At Possaguo, A Considerable Village In The Province Of Trevigi, In The Venetian Territory. The Father Of Canova Worked In Marble, And Was Also An Architect Of Some Merit, So That His Son May Be Said To Have Been Initiated From Childhood In ...
Antonio De Capmany Y
Capmany Y De Montpalau, Antonio De, A Spanish Author Of High Reputation In Spain, Was Born At Barcelona On The 24th Of November 1742. Ho Entered The Army And Served As An Officer During The Wars With Portugal In 1762, And Afterwards Took A Share Iu Olevidens Scheme For Colonising ...
Antonio Ferreira
Ferreira, Antonio, The Reformer Of The National Poetry Of Portugal, And Surnamed The Portuguese Horace, Was Born At Lisbon, 1523. While Studying Law At Coimbra, Be Devoted His Time More Particularly To Classical And Italian Literature, But, Unlike The Then Prevalent Custom, Determined To Write Only In His Native Tongue. ...
Antonio Foschini
Foschi'ni, Antonio, Born June 16, 1741, At Corfu, Was The Son Of Ferrareso Parents, And Always Called Himself A Native Of Ferrara, Because He Had Been Brought Up From His Infancy In That City. His First Professional Studies Was Directed By His Father Chiefly Towards Engineering And Hydraulics, But His ...
Antonio Genovesi
Genove'si, Antonio, Born Near Salerno In 1712, Was Ordained Priest In 1736, And Was Made Professor Of Eloquence In The Clerical Seminary Of Salerno. He Afterwards Repaired To Naples, Where He Was Allowed, Through The Influence Of Monsignor Galiani, Archbishop Of Taranto, To Open A Class Of Metaphysics In That ...
Antrelmintics
[antrelmintics.] Even Oxide Of Tin Is Of Doubtful Efficacy, As Might Be Expected From Its Extreme Insolubility. Its Powers May Be Heightened By Occasionally Meeting With Acids In The Stomach, Such As The Hydrochloric, And Therewith Forming A Chloride. Two Compounds Of Chlorine With Tin Are Known, One The Protochloride, ...
Aoe Of Animals
Aoe Of Animals. It Is Often A Matter Of Great Practical Importance To Possess Some Means Of Determining The Age Of Animals. The Data That Exist At Present Are, However, Very Inadequate To Determine This Point, Amongst Domestic Animals The Age May Be Judged Of By The Presence, Absence, Or ...
Aorta
Ao'rta, From A Greek Word, Hop-rh. The Aorta Is The Great Verso From Which All The Arteries Of The Body Which Carry Red Blood Derive Their Origin. It Arises From The Upper And Back Part Of The Left Ventricle Of The Heart. Its Origin Is Directly Opposite The Lower Margin ...
Apatite
Apatite, A Mineral Substance Crystallised In The Regular Six-sided Prism, Usually Terminated By A Truncated Six-sided Pyramid. It Occurs Variously Modified By The Removal Of Its Lateral Sides And Angles. Its Specific Gravity Varies From 3/5 To 3.5. It Is Scratched By Felspar, But Scratches Fluorspar. In Colour It Passes ...
Aphis
Aphis, The Plant-louse, Or Paccron, An Extensive Genus Of Insects Belonging To The Order Homoptera. They Are Interesting To Naturalists On Account Of Their Very Peculiar Economy, And Uo Less So To Gardeners And Farmers, On Whose Crops Many Species Commit Most Destructive Depredations. As Instances Of The Latter We ...
Apophyllite
Apophyllite, A Crystallised Mineral, Whose Fundamental Form Is The Square Prism, Fig. 1. Its Most General Modification Is Obtained By Supposing The Angles Of Fig. 1 Cut Off, So As To Give Rise To A Plane Triangular Surface, As Is Seen At A In Fig. 2 ; These Faces A, ...
Apothecia
Apothe'cia (from The Greek Terovece, A Case, A Repository), In Botany, A Name Given To Some Of The Organs Of Reproduction In Crypt°. Gamin- In Lichens The Reproductive Matter Appears On The Surface Of Its Frond Or Thallus In Two Forms. First, In The Form Of Little Coloured Cups Or ...
Appellations Of Numbers
Numbers, Appellations Of. Various Names Have Been Given To Classes Of Numbers, Each Expressive Of Properties Common To All In Its Class : They Are Pointed Out In The Following List : The Whole Scale, 1, 2, 3, &c., Is Called That Of Natural Numbers ; It Is Subdivided Into ...
Approximation
Approximation. All That Precedes Is Found In Elementary Treatises, With The Exception Of A Few Terms Of The Last Series: We Now Come To Matter Which Has Been Hitherto Only The Property Of The Well-read Mathematician, But Which Well Deserves To Be Made As Common As Taylor's Theorem. We Refer ...
Aquatic Animals
Aquatic Animals. The Element In Which Animals Habitually Reside, Or To Which They Occasionally Resort For The Purpose Of Pro Curing Food Or Seeking Shelter, Is So Intimately Connected With, And Bears ,so Obvious A Relation To, Not Only Their Manners And Economy, But Likewise Their Outward Forms And Internal ...
Aquavivariu31
Aquavivariu31, A Term Proposed To Be Applied To Arrangements Which Contemplate The Exhibition Of Living Aquatic Specimens Of Animals Inhabiting Either Fresh Or Salt Water. Although It Has Been Known From The Earliest Time, That Animals Living In Water May He Kept In Small Glass Vessels For Exhibition By The ...
Aquilariacle
Aquilaria'cle, Aquilariads, A Small Natural Order Of Plants Belonging To The Incomplete Exegetes. The Species Are Trees With Smooth Branchesand A Tough Bark. The Leaves Are Alternate, Entire, Seated On Short Stalks Without Stipules, And When Full-grown Aro Smooth And Shiny, With Very Fine Veins Running Together Into A Mar ...
Aracienida
Aracienida Twelve Ocelli . . . . For Respiration ; Not More T Tree/work. Than Four Ocelli . . . . The First Order Is Divided Into Two Families :— Palpi Simple, Pediform ; Mandibles) Families. Armed With A Moveable Aud Per Fomted Claw, Emitting A Poisonous Araneida. Arachnida Abdomen ...
Araciiis
A'raciiis, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Leyumi Moses. One Species, A. Hypoyrn, Is Called The Earth-nut The Circuit)• Stance By Which The Arnehis Hypoyan Is Particularly Remarkable Is The Manner In Which Its Fruit In Produeetl Instead Of Hanging Down From Among The Leaves In The ...
Araciinida
Ara'ciinida, A Class Of Animals Including Spiders, Mites, And Scorpions, All Ranked By Linnaeus Under Insects, But Which Are Very Properly Separated From Them, On Account Of External Form, Structure, And Habits. The Separation Was First Made, We Believe, By Enbricius, Who, Looking Chiefly To The Structure Of The Mouth, ...
Araucaria
Arauca'ria, In Botany, Is The Name Of A Singular Genus Of Gigantic Firs, Found Scattered Over The Southern Hemisphere. It Is Known From All The Other Firs By Its Stiff Broad Leaves, By A Long Leafy Appendage With Which The Scales Of Its Cones Are Terminated, And By Its Anthers ...
Arcangelo Corelli
Corelli, Arca'ngelo, Musical Composer, On Whom His Coun Trymen Bestowed The Cognomen Of Il Divine,' Was Born At Fusignauo, In The Bolognese Territory, In 1653. Adami Says That His Instructor In Counterpoint Was Simonelli ; And It Appears Pretty Certain That His Master For The Violin, The Instrument Of His ...
Architectural Models
Models, Architectural. Besides The Usual Delineations Upon Paper Showing The Plans And Different Parts Of A Building, And Their Details In Elevations, Sections, And Working Drawings [design; Architecture], A Solid Representation Or Miniature Facsimile Of The Proposed Edifice Is Sometimes Formed, Iu Order To Give A More Distinct Idea Of ...
Architecture Of 916945
945 Nineveh, Architecture Of. 916 Khorsabad, And Kouyunjik." But Among The Discoveries Made By M. Place At Nineveh Was That Of One Of The City Gates. These Appear To Have Been Constructed In Pairs Of About Equal Width, From 12 To 15 Feet ; One Gateway Being Devoted To Wheeled ...
Architecture Of Nineveh
Nineveh, Architecture Of. Until The Year 1843, The Very Sites Of The Great Cities Of The Mighty Assyrian Empire Were Little More Than Matter Of Conjecture. Rude Mounds Of Earth, And Huge Heaps Of Unburat Brickwork, Served To Stimulate The Wonder Of Travellers And The Curiosity Of Archaeologists; But The ...
Areca
Are'ca, A Genus Of Palms Containing Two Species, Both Remarkable For The Purposes To Which They Are Applied. A Reca Is Distinguished By A Double Membranous Sheath In Which Its Bunches Of Flowers Are Contained, By Its Female Coronae Containing The Rudiments Of Stamens, Its Calyx Being Divided Into Three ...
Areno
Areno, A Genus Of Palms, The Only Species Of Which Produces Sago And Palm-wine. Areng Saccharifera, Is Described As A Plant Of An Ugly Appearance, Having A Trunk 20 Or 30 Feet High, Covered Almost Entirely With Coarse Black Fibres Resembling Horse-hair. The Leaves Are From 15 To 25 Feet ...
Areolar Tissue
Areolar Tissue. The Nature Of This Tissue Will Be Best Under Stood If We First Describe Fibrous Tissue, Of Which It May Be Regarded As A Modification. Fibrous Tissue Is Now Usually Considered Under Two Heads, Namely, As The White And The Yellow Tissue. White Fibrous Tissue Occurs In Ligaments, ...
Arges
Arges (goldfuss) Is The Paradoxides Bimucronatus Of Murchison. Altgulus, A Genus Of Entomostracous Crustacea, Belonging To The Section Pacilepoda. There Is But One Species Of This Genus, The A. Foliaceus. This Little Creature Is Not Unknown To Fishermen, As It Is Frequently Found Parasitic Upon Various Kinds Of Fish. It ...
Arguelles Canga
Canga, Arguelles, Jose, A Spanish Statesman And Author, Was Born In The Asturias About 1770. He Was A Conspicuous Member Of The Cortes Of 1813-14, And On The Overthrow Of Liberalism By The Return Of Ferdinand In The Latter Year, Was For Some Time Banished, Or According To Galiano Imprisoned. ...
Aristolociilace1e
Aristolociila'ce1e, Birthworts, Consist Of A Small Number Of Genera Which Principally Inhabit The Hotter Parts Of The World. They Are In Many Canal Used Medicinally On Account Of Their Tonic And Stimulating Properties; And Some Of Them Are Reputed Remedies For The Bite Of Venomous Serpents. The Distinguishing Characters Of ...
Armadillo
Armadillo (dasypus, Linnaeus), A Genus Of The Class Alfamniatia Belonging To The Order Edentata, And Forming, With The Allied Genera Chlarayphorus And Orycteropus, A Small But Very Distinct Family Intermediate Between The Sloth.; And Ant-eaters, And Characterised By The Possession Of Molar Teeth Only. The Sloths P1raevves] Have Not Only ...