At the time that Cuvier was working at his arrangement, and almost cum temporaneously with a similar move ment in botany, some of the more imaginative and philosophic minds began to perceive analogies in organs and parts of the animal frame, which previously had only been regarded under their distinct or individual rela tions. The close connection between the brilliant generalisations of this nature which first made comparative anatomists acquainted with the bones of the cranium and the essential re semblances, or homologies, as they are termed, of the component elements of a vertebra under their varied forms, for the special purposes of the indi vidual, is too closely connected with similar researches after resemblance and analogies in zoology to be omitted in the present sketch of the history of that science. Gothe, the founder of morphology, or the doctrine of organic analogies in plants, also made the first step in the advancement of similar, or, as they have been termed, transcendental views, in the anatomy of animals. The poet's discovery of the intermaxillary bones in man, the first fruits of this essentially epitheti cal mode of studying organised beings, has been succeeded by many similar brilliant appreciations of true analogies by his successors Oken and Geoffrey, and the disciples of their school, which have more than compensated for the less substantial results of exuberant imaginations, which have too often hnd the effect of deterring the sober student of nature from digesting the works of authors from which valuable inform ' tion is to be obtained.
Germany and the Netherlands have reason to be proud of the names a Illiger, Termninek, \Vogler, Lichten stein, and RfippelL In our own country and time, the Quinary System has been brought forward and applied by one of our most accomplished zoologists in his ' Dorm Entomologiem,"Annulosa Javanica; his ' Remarks on the Com parative Anatomy of certain Birds of Cuba,' in the 16th vol. of the Trans actions of the Linnman Society,' and his ' Illustrations of the Amide of South Africa,' forming part iii. of Dr. Andrew Smith's valuable' Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa.' Mr. MacLcay brought to bear on this subject a comprehensive know ledge of natural history, much learning, and the close astute reasoning of a mind of no ordinary powers The system h as been applied in this country, by Mr. Vigors, to the Birds, and by 31r. Bennett, to the Mammalia and Fishes. With certain modifications it has been applied, by 31r. Swainson, to the Animal Kingdom generally, who, in his ar rangement in the several volumes of the ' Cabinet Cyclopedia' written by him, has however left out Man. On the continent the Quinary System has never found favour, and it has now few if any followers in this country.
Tho sciences of Zoology Com parative Anatomy have been studied in England, since the time of Cuvier, with great assiduity and success.
Amongst the most successful cultivators of these sciences is Professor Owen, who, in his courses of lectures as Hunterian professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, and in his published works, has done much for their advancement. In his application of comparative anatomy to the explanation of the structure of extinct animals, he has been scarcely less successful than Cuvier, as his works on 'Fossil Mammals,' Birds and Reptiles of Great Britain,' and his papers on the `Dinornis,' the '3Iylodon, and `Glyptodon' testify. He has also successfully
applied the principles of the transcendental anatomists to the eluci dation of the structure of the vertebrate skeleton in his work on the Nomolopes of the Skeleton of the Vertebrata.' Added to his great powers of generalisation, he possesses great industry, and his lecture on Comparative Anatomy,' his 'Odoutography,' and multitudinous papers, bear witness that there is scarcely any department of our knowledge of the animal kingdom, that does not bear the marks of his genius. Dr. J. G. Gray, as head of the Zoological department of the British Museum, has contributed largely to our knowledge of animal forms. His papers in the Magazines and Transactions of scien tific societies amount to nearly 500 separate contributions. The works of Gould have contributed greatly to our recent knowledge of birds. Edward Forbes has most industriously laboured at the Marine Zoology of the British Islands, and his works on the 'Star Fishes ;' the 'Naked-Eyed Jelly-Fishes,' and the `Mollusca of Great Britain,' have contributed greatly to extend our knowledge of these families ; whilst his researches on the distribution of marine animals in depth, have given a new direction to geological inquiries. To Professor Bell, Mr. Yarrell, Dr. Johnstone, and Dr. Baird, zoology. is greatly indebted for their works on the 'Mammalia," Birds, ' Reptiles,' 'Fishes,' and Crustacea,' of the British Islands. The natural history catalogues of the British Museum contain descriptions of many new species, especially that devoted to the various forms of Zoophytes, and which has been undertaken by Mr. Rusk. One of the greatest contributions ever made to our knowledge of shells, has been the collection made by Mr. Cuming, who is now resident in London. We ought also to mention the labours of Mr. Dauvin on the family of Cirripedes, the Sea-Acorns, and Barnacles. The voyages of Belcher, Stanley, Gellert, Ross, Fitzroy, and others have added greatly to the number of animal forms.
The Marine Vivarium,' recently formed at the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, London, will afford great assistance in the study of the organisation and habits of fishes and of marine invertebrate animals. Hero may be seen, through the walls of glass tanks, in miniature oceans of sea-water, the daily life of lobsters, crabs, and shrimps (Crustacea), of sea-urchins (L'chinidce), of star-fishes (Aaterias, Stel leridians), of the beautiful sea-anemones, or animal-flowers (Actinidw), of sea-mice and sea-eggs (Annelida), of barnacles and sea-acorns (Cirripeda), and many others.
(Those who would study the subject of the general arrangement of the Animal Kingdom, are referred to the following works :—Cuvier, JiIgnc Animal ; Owen, Lectures on Comparative Anatomy ; Grant Comparative Anatomy ; I'atterson, Zoology for Schools ; Rymer Jones, Outlines of the Animal Kingdom ; Milne-Edwards, Elemens de Zoologie; Carpenter, Principles of Physiology.)