Armand Gensonne
Gensonne, Armand, A Member Of The National Convention, And One Of The Leaders Of The Girondist Party, Was Born At Bordeaux, August 10, 1758, And Was Practising As A Lawyer In His Native Town When The Revolution Broke Out. Although More Endowed With Decision And Firmness Of Character Than With ...
Armed Bullhead
Bullhead, Armed. [asetnortiortus.] Bu'llidie, A Family Of Marine Molluscs., Which Lamarck Arranges Among His Gasteropoda, Between The Calyptracians On One Side And The Laplysiana On The Other, Making The Family To Consist Of The Three Following Genera, Accra Or A Kera Bullcra, And Balla. Cuvier Finds A Situation For It ...
Arnica
Arnica, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Campo Alla, The Tribe Vernoniacar, The Sub-tribe Stews-ion-eft, And The Division Eitsenecionca. It Has A Cylindrical Involuere, With Equal 2-rowed Scales; The Flowers Of The (link Hermaphrodite, Tubular ; The Limb 5-toothed; The Stigmas Thickened Above, And Terminated With A ...
Arnold Drakenborch
Drakenborch, Arnold, Was Born At Utrecht Iu 1684, Studied In That University Under Oratvius And Peter Eminent', And At The Ago Of Twenty Wrote An Elaborate Dissertation, 'do Prsefectis Urbis,' Which Established Hie Reputation As A Scholar. This Work Treated In Eleven Chapters Of The Origin, Nature, Importance, And Various ...
Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren
Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, Was Born At Arber Geu, A Village Near Bremen, On The 25th Of October 1760. His Father, Who Was Pastor At Arbergen, And A Man Of Extensive Knowledge, Gave Him His First Instruction In Religion, Latin, And Mathematics. His Further Education, Until His Sixteenth Year, Was ...
Arnolfo Di Lapo
Lapo, Arnolfo Di, The Name By Which A Very Celebrated And One Of The Most Early Of The Italian Architects Is Known. He Is So Called By Vasari, And Is Said By Him To Have Been The Son Of Lapo, A German, Whose Real Name Was Jacob, And Who Was ...
Arragonite
Arragonite, Prismatic Carbonate Of Lime, Called By Mohs Tho Prismatic Lime-haloide. It Is A Mineral Substance Consisting Of Carbonfc Acid And Lime, Admitting Of Cleavage In Planes Parallel To The Faces Of A Right Rhombic Prism Of 116° 5' And 63° 55', Which May Therefore Be Considered As Its Fundamental ...
Arthur Capel
Capel, Arthur, Lord, Was Born At Tha Commencement Of The 17th Century. He Was Returned As M.p. For Hertfordshire To The Par Liament Which Assembled Nov. 3,1640. At First He Seemed Disposed To Adopt The Principles Held By The Great Majority Of The Members, But Soon Changed His Opinions, And ...
Arthur Golding
Golding, Arthur, Was Born In London, Of A Good Family, At Some Time In The Early Part Of The 16th Century. In 1564 He Was Living In The House Of Secretary Cecil, In The Strand ; And His Dedica Tions Show Him To Have Been Patronised Also By The Earls ...
Arthur Gorge1
*gorge1, Arthur, Was Born On The 5th Of February, 1818, At Poporez, An Hereditary Possession Of His Family, In The County Of Zips, N Upper Hungary. He Was Sent In 1832 To The Military School Of Ruin, Where He Remained Till 1s37, When His Father's Influence Pro :wed Him Admission ...
Arthur Helps
*helps, Arthur, Is A Name Less Familiar To The British Public Than It Will Be When It Is Openly Associated With Certain Writings Which, In An Anonymous Form, Have Been Widely Read And Highly Admired. In 1811 A New English Author Made His Modest Ddbut In A Work Entitled Essays ...
Articulation
Articulation, The Term By Which Anatomists Express The Union Of The Different Bones Of The Skeleton. The Junction Of Any Two Bones, However Firmly Or Loosely Connected, Or In Whatever Mode The Union May Be Effected, Is Designated By The Name Of Articulation. Commonly Two Substances Are Employed As The ...
Artificial Lights
Lights, Artificial. Most Kinds Of Artificial Light, For Domestic And Manufacturing Purposes, Are Produced By The Combustion Of Coal, Solid Tallow, Liquid Oil, Or Some Sort Of Spirit. One Special Kind, Due To The Action Of An 'electric Current On Charcoal, Is Described Under Electric Licht ; Another, Produced By ...
Artocarpacee
Artocarpa'ce.e, A Rtocarpads, The Bread-fruit Tribe, A Natural Order Of Plants Nearly Related To Urticacea (the Nettle Tribe), From Which It Is So Difficult To Separate Them By Any Precise Character That There Are Many Who Consider Them, Nothing More Then A Section Of Urticacetr. \nether A Distinct Order Or ...
Artocarpus
Artocarpus, The Bread-fruit, Is The Genus Which Has Given Its Name To The Natural Order Artocarpacem. It Consists Of Trees Having Stems Of Very Considerable Size; Large Leaves, Which Are Exceedingly Rough With Little Points ; Stipules Like Those Of The Fig ; And Monce Cious Flowers, Of Which The ...
Arts And
Arts And Aci. My. Vol. Vi. Sun Might With Modern Instruments Be Measured In The Same Way As That Of The Moon Or Planets Above Described, But Not So Well, As A Longer Time Must Elapse Between The Passage Of The Sun And That Of A Star Nearly In The ...
Arts And Sci Div
Arts And Sci. Div. Vol. Vii. Although One Of Its Sides May Then Be Illuminated By The Sun, It Is Only The Edge Which Is Turned Towards The Observer. Besides These Two Causes Of Disappearance, Which Are Of A Transient Nature, And Render The Ring Invisible Only For A Few ...
Asarum
Asa'rum, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Aris Tolochiacar, Distinguished By Having The Calyx Bell-shaped And Lobed ; The Stamens Placed Upon The Ovarium, The Anthers Adnate To The Middle Of The Filaments, The Style Short, Stigma Stellate, And 6 Lobed ; The Fruit Capsular And 6-celled. ...
Asbestos
Asbestos Must Be Considered, In Mineralogy, Rather As A Term Implying A Peculiar Than Sometimes Assumed By Several Minerals, Than As A Name Denoting A Particular Species ; It Is In Fact Applied To Vatic Ties Of The Amplubolio Minerals, Such As Adinolite, Tremolite, Which Occur In Long Capillary Crystals, ...
Ascidia
Asci'dia, A Genus Of Molluscous Animals Belonging To Cuvier's Order Of Acerbate Without Shells. Savigny Has Considered These Animals Sufficiently Important To Constitute A Class Under The Name Of Ascedies (a Acidic); While Lamarck Has Also Formed Them With Others Into A Class Under The Name Of Tuniciers (tenicata). [tenicsval ...
Asellus
Ase'llus, A Genus Of Malaeopterygions Fishes, To Which Willughby Referred Thewhiting-pout, And Ling. They Are Now Referred Respectively To The Genera Morrhua And Lola. Ash. [f'raxnsts.} Asp, A Name Commonly Given To Several Species Of Venomous Serpents. By Naturalists The Term Is Confined To The Vipera Ospis, Which Is An ...
Asmus Jacob Carstens
Carstens, Asmus Jacob, A Distinguished German Artist, Was Born At St. Giirgen, Near Schleswig, May 10th, 1754. His Father Was A Miller, But His Mother, Who Was The Daughter Of An Advocate At Schleswig, Had Been Exceedingly Well-educated, And Was Therefore Able To Bring Up Her Three Sons In A ...
Asphaltum
Asphaltum (a Greek Word, Se/leases, Of Unknown Etymology), Frequently Known By The Name Of Shaggy Or Compact Mineral Pitch, Is One Of The Varieties Of Bitumen Arising From The Decomposition Of Vegetable Matter. It Occurs Massive, Of A Dark Brown Or Black Colour, With A Conchoidal Fracture And A Resinous ...
Aspidiar1a
Aspidia'r1a (pres!). Several Species Of The Lepidodendra Of Sternberg Are Thus Named. They Are From The Coal Formation. Aspi'dlum, A Genus Of Ferns, And Oue Under Which Many Species Were Arranged By Older Botanists, Which Aro Now Placed Under New Genera. [potveonaace.e.] One Of The Most Remarkable Species Of This ...
Aspiiodelus
Aspiio'delus, N Genus Of Plants The Typo Of The Natural Order A Sphodelem. It Comprehends Some Handsome Hardy Perennial Plants, With Fleshy Finger-like Roots, And Upright Undivided Annual Stems Covered With Long Leaves; They Are Among The Most Highly Developed Of The Monocotyledonous Plants Of Northern Countries. The Most Remarkable ...
Asplenium
Asple'nium, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Of Ferns. [polyporneen.e.] It Has Elongated Straight Soli, With An Indusium Opening Towards The Central Nerve Or Midrib. The Species Of This Genus Are Known By The Name Of Spleenworts. Several Of Them Are Common In Great Britain. A. Lanceolatum, ...
Aspredo
Aspre'do, A Genus Of Abdominal Malacopterygious Fishes, Charac Terised By The Horizontal Flatness Of The Head, And The Enlargement Of The Anterior Part Of The Trunk, Arising From An Unusual Development Of The Bones Of The Shoulder. They Are Further Distinguished From The Silures Of Linnaeus (from Which Extensive Genus, ...
Associations Societies
Societies, Associations. The Great Increase Of Societies Or Associations For All Kinds Of Purposes Is Characteristic Of The Present Condition Of Europeans In Europe And Of Europeans Who Have Settled In Other Parts Of The World. Association For Particular Objects Is Ana Logous To The Great Associations Of Political Societies, ...
Astacus
A'stacus (leach, Desmarest), A Genus Of Long-tailed Crustaceous Animals, Including The Common Lobster. It Was Formed By Gronovius From The Genus Cancer Of Linnaeus And Of Ancient Authors, Which Also Comprised The Short-tailed Crustaceous Dceapods, With Tho Exception Of /fippa. Fabrieius Broke It Down Into The Genera Pogurus, Galathea, And ...
Asterias
Aste'rias (lam.), A Genus Of Radiated Animals Widely Diffused Over The Seas. The Linniean Genus Comprises Every Form Of Radiation Which Appears In The Tribe, But The Genus Asterias Of Lamarck Includes Only The Star-fishes Properly So Called. These Are Divided Into Two Sections, 'the Scutellated Star-fishes,' And 'the Radiated ...
Astronomical Observatories
Observatories, Astronomical. We Possess Only An Im Perfect Knowledge Respecting The Institutions Established In Ancient Times For The Observation Of The Heavenly Bodies. The Observatory Of Alexandria Is Alone Famous In The History Of Greek Astronomy. It Was There That The Observations Were First Made, Upon Which Astronomy As A ...
Ateles
A'teles, A Genus Of Sapajoes, Or American Monkeys, Called Also Spider Monkeys, Formed By M. Ocoffroy St. Hilaire, And Presenting Numerous And Remarkable Modifications Of Organic 'structure, Which Readily Distinguish Them From All Other Groups Of Quadrumana. The Most Prominent Characters Of The Gonna Cousdat In Their Long, Atteme Meal, ...
Athanasius Kircher
Kircher, Atha.nasius, Born At Geyscn, Near Fulda, In 1602, Entered At An Early Age The Order Of Jesuits, Made Great Progress In Various Branches Of Learning, Especially In The Study Of Hebrew And Other Eastern Languages, And Was Made Professor Of Philosophy And Oriental Languages In The College Of Wiirzburg. ...
Atlas
Atlas, The First Vertebra Of The Neck, So Named Because It Sustains The Gloge Of The Head. It Differs In Several Important Circumstances From All The Other Vertebrae That Enter Into The Composition Of The Spinal Column, Because It Has Distinct And Peculiar Offices To Perform. It Has To Support ...
Atropa
A'tropa, A Genus Of Dicotyledonous Plants Belonging To Tho Natural Order Solanacete, And Consisting For The Most Part Of Poisonous Species. It Is Distinguished From Other Genera Of The Same Natural Order By Its Regular Bell-shaped Corolla, Its 5-parted Permanent Calyx, Which Never Acquires A Bladdery Appearance, And By Its ...
Attalea
Attale'a, A Genus Of Palms, Found Chiefly In The Tropical Parts Of America, Where It Occupies The Richest Soil And The Hottest Forests, Rarely Ascending The Aides Of Mountains, Or Spreading From The Woods Into The Open Country. It Extends, According To Von Martins, As Far South As The Tropic ...
Augite
Augite. The Minerals To Which This Name Has Been Applied Present Us With Some Of The Most Interesting And At The Same Time Most Difficult Investigations That Can Fall Under The Notice Of The Mine Ralogist And Chemist, And Have Frequently Occupied The Attention Of The Most Eminent Men In ...
August Friedrich Ferdinand Von
Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand Von, Was Born At Weimar In The Year 1761. In His Sixth Year He Made Attempts At Poetical Composition, And His Interest For Theatrical Matters Was Excited By The Performances Of A Company Of Players At Weimar. At The Gymnasium He Was Instructed By Musams, The ...
Augustin Jean Fresn El
Fresn El, Augustin Jean, A Very Distinguished French Mathe Matician And Natural Philosopher, Was Born In 1788, At Broglie Near Berney : His Father, Who Was An Architect, Endeavoured Early To Com Municate To Him The Rudiments Of Education; But Considerable Dif Ficulty Was Experienced In Effectiog This Desirable Object, ...
Augustin Louis Cauchy
Cauchy, Augustin Louis, Mathematician, Was Born At Paris, 21st Of August, 1789. His Father, Louis Francois, Was A Poet, And Became Archiviste Of The Chamber Of Peers. The Son Was Carefully And Religiously Educated. In 1804, While At The Scales Centrales, He Was Crowned By The Institute As The Pupil ...
Augustin Pyramus De Candolle
De Candolle, Augustin Py'ramus, Was Born At Geneva, Where His Father Was Premier Syndic, In 1778, The Year In Which Haller, Linnmns, And Bernard De Juesieu Died. His Family Originally Came From Marseille, But Had For More Than Two Centuries Been Settled At Geneva. His Earliest Tastes Were Altogether Of ...
Augustine Calmet
Calmet, Augustine, Was Born At Meanil-lallorgne, Near Commerey, In The Modern Department Of The Meuse, On February 6th, 1672. He Received The First Rudiments Of His Education At The Priory Of Breuil; Studied Rhetoric At Pont-h-musson ; And Afterwards Entered The Benedictine Abbey Of Mammy, In The Fauxbourg Of Toul, ...
Augustus De Morgan
'de Morgan, Augustus, Was Born In 1600 In The Small East Indian Islaud Of Madura, Situated Ea The North-east Coast Of Java. His Father Was An Officer Iu The British Army. He Can Trace His Descent Also From The Mathematician James Dodeou, Author Of The • Auti-logarithmic Canon.' Educated At ...
Augustus Egg
*egg, Augustus, A.r.a., Was Born In London In 1816. After The Usual Educational Course In The Schools Of Mr. Sass And Of The Royal Academy, Mr. Egg Became For The First Time In 183s A Con Tributor To The Academy Exhibition By Sending A 'spanish Girl;' He Also In These ...
Augustus Gratianus
Gratia'nus, Augustus, Eldest Son Of Valentinian I., Sue Evaded After His Father's Death, A.d. 375, To A Share Of The Western Empire, Haviog For His Let Gaul, Spain, And Britain; His Brother Valentinian 11., Then An Infant Five Years Old, Had Italy, Illyricum, And Africa, Under The Guardianship However Of ...
Augustus Kiss
*kiss, Augustus, An Eminent German Sculptor, Was Born In 1802 At Pleas In Upper Silesia. Having Completed His Professional Studies Under Rauch—whose Studio He Entered In 1824—he For Several Years Executed With Much Local Success Statues And Groups Of The Ordinary Order Of Classical Subjects; At First, As Is Customary ...
Aulopora
Aulo'pora (ooldfuss), A Genus Of Fossil Polypiaria, From The Silurian Strata. Aurantia'cf,ie, Citron Worts, Or The Orange Tribe, Are Dicoty Ledonous Polypetalous Plants, With Dark-green Jointed Leaves, Filled The Little Auk Braves The Inclemency Of Very High Latitudes, And Congregates In Groat Flocks Far Within The Arctic Circle. The Inhospit ...
Avena
Ave'na, The Botanical Name Of The Genus To Which The Cultivated Oat Belongs. As Understood By Linnaeus And The Writers Of His School, It Comprehended Many Very Distinct Forms Of Grasses, As Well As The Common Cultivated Kinds ; But By Other Botanists It Is More Correctly Limited To The ...
Avens
Avens. [gzuu.] A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Oxalidacece. It Consists Of Two Species, Both Of Which Form Small Trees In The East Indies. They Are Remarkable For Their Leaves, Which Are Pinnated, Possessing In A Slight Degree The Kind Of Irritability Found In The Sensitive Plant, ...
Avidius Cassius
Ca'ssius, Avi'dius, Was, According To Dion Cassius, A Native Of Cyrrhns In Syria, And The Son Of A Rhetorician, Heliodorus, Who Was Prrefect Of Egypt In The Joint Reign Of Antoninus Pius And Marcus Aurelius. Cassius Served In The I'arthian Wars (a.d. 162 Or 165) Under Lnclua Verus, In Which ...
Axolotl
Axolo'tl (gyrinus, Hernandez And Shaw), A Genus Of .anaphibia Belonging To A Group Called Perennibranchiate, As They Retain Their Gills Throughout Life. They Are Distinguished From Other Genera Of The Same Family By Having Four Feet Furnished With Four Toes Before ' And Five Behind. This Group Contains The Genera—axo/otee, ...
Azalea
Azalea, In Botany, Is The Name Of A Genus Belonging To The Natural Order Ericacerr, And Consisting Of Shrubs Remarkable For The Beauty And Fragrance Of Their Flowers; On Which Account They Are Very Generally Cultivated In Europe. By Some Botanists The Genus Is Esteemed The Same As Rhododendron, In ...
Azurite
A'zurite, A Term Used By Phillips To Denote Lazulite, Under Which Name This Mineral Is Most Generally Described By Mineralogists. [lazotrre.] It Is Different From Azure-stone, By Which Name Lapis Lazuli, The Ultramarine Of Painters, Is Sometimes Known. Liabia'na, A Genus Of Plants Belonging To The Natural Order Iridarem It ...
Baboon
Baboon (cynocephalus, Cuvier), A Genus Of Quadrumana, Or Four Handed Mammals, Which Forms The Last Link In The Chain That Unites The Simiada., Properly So Called, With The Lower Animals. The Zoolo Gical Or Technical Name Of This Genus, Cynocrplialus, Is From N Greek Word Used By Aristotle And Other ...
Baci Llar I A
Baci Lla'r I A, A Large Family Of I Nfusorial Animalcules, Constituted By Ehrenberg, Who Includes In It Upwards.of 30 Genera. The Ailicious Shields Of These Animalcules Are Amongst The Most Numerous Of The Forms Of Micro:eerie In The Cretaceous, Tertiary, And Superficial Deposits. Xanihidia Occur In The Chalk And ...
Badger
Badger (mika, Cuvier), A Genus Of Plantigrade Carnivorous Mammals Included By Linnaeus Among The Bears, But, As Well As The Gluttons, Racoons, Coatis, Fie., Very Properly Separated From That Group By Succeeding Naturalists. This Genus, As Definitely Characterised By Modern Zoologists, Is Distinguished By A System Of Dentition Which Is ...
Bala Limestone
Bala Limestone, One Of The Most Interesting Of The Calcareous Deposits Which Have Been Examined By Professor Sedgwick In The Midst Of The Schistose Rocks Of North Wales. There Are Two Bands Of This Rock, Exhibited On The West Of The Berwyn Mountains And On The East Of Bala Lake. ...
Balanophorate2e
Balanophorate2e, Cynomoriums, A Natural Order Of Parasi Tical Plants Belonging To The Sub-class Rhizanthece. They Grow Upon The Roots Of Weedy Plants, In Tropical Countries, Rooting Into Their Wood, From Which They Draw Their Nutriment, As The Mistletoe From The Branches Of The Thorn. None Of The Species Have Fully-formed ...
Balanus
Ba'lanus, A Genus Of Sessile Cirrhipeds Or Barnacles, Formed By Bruguieres From Some Species Of The Genus Lepas, Linn. Balanua Offers A Great Variety Of Form ; But The Shell Will Be Found To Consist Of Six Valves, Four Of Which Are Comparatively Large, Coalescing At The Sides, And Forming ...
Balistes
Baliste.s, A Genus Of Fishers Belonging To The Order Pleetognathes, And Family Sededdermes Of Culler. These Groups Are Intermediate In Point Of Structure Between The Common Or Osseous Tribe's And The Car Tilaginous Tribes ; For Though The Skeleton Is In Reality Of A Fibrous Or Bony Texture, It Ossifies ...
Balsa3iina
Balsa'3iina, One Of The Two Genera Of Which The Natural Order Balsaminacem Consists. It Differs From Impatiens In Hnving All Its Anthers 2-celled, Its Stigmas Distinct, And The Valves' Of Its Fruits Curling Inwards When Bursting. There Are Numerous Species, 'several Of Which Have Very Handsome Flowers. They Are Chiefly ...
Balsamodendron
Balsamode'ndron, A Genus Of Oriental Trees Belonging To The Natural Order Amyridacar, And Remarkable For Their Powerful Balsamic Juice. They Have Small Green Raillery Dicecions Flowers, A Minute 4-toothed Persistent Calyx, Four Narrow Inflected Petals, Eight Stamens Inserted Below An Annular Disk, From Which Eight Little Excrescences Arise, Alternating With ...
Balthasar Denner
Denner, Balthasar, A Celebrated German Portrait Paiuter, Was Born In Altoua Iu 1635. Of Denner's Early Life Little Is Known ; Ho Lived Some Time With A Painter At Danzig, Aud After Having Dis Tinguished Himself At The Courts Of Several Germau Princes, Came By The Invitation Of George I. ...
Bambusa
Bambu'sa, The Bamboo, A Genus Of Grasses, Well Known For Its Great Economical.importanee, But Consisting Of Species Which Are Very Imperfectly Understood By Botanists. It Is Remarkable In Structure, Among Other Things, For Having Only One Style, Which Is More Or Less Deeply Two-or Three-parted, Three Minute Scales At The ...
Bandicoot
Bandicoot (perameles, Geoit. St. Hilaire), A Genus Of Marsupial Mammals, Which Appears To Occupy, In Australia, The Situation Which The Shrews, Tenrecs, And Other Inseetirora Fill In The Old World. The Species Of Perameles Called Bandicoots By The Colonists (a Name Which Properly Belongs To The Great Rat Of India, ...
Bang Koe
Bang-koe, The New Capital, And Ayuthia, The Ancient Capital, Are On The Banks Of The Menam River. Ayuthia, Or Yutkia, Stands On An Island Formed By Two Arms Of The River Menam, And Is Also Called Duarawadi, And Sometimes Ludara, Or By The Europeans Siam. It Was Taken In 1767 ...