The other public observatories of the British Isles are those of Oxford, Cambridge, Portsmouth, Durham, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, and Armagh. Of private observatories may be men tioned the following :—The observatory of Mr. Bishop, Regent's Park ; the observatory of Mr. Warren De La Rue, Cranford, Middlesex ; the observatory of Mr. Carrington, Redhill ; the observatory of Mr. Whit bread, at Cardington, in Bedfordshire ; the observatory of Dr. Lee, at Hartwell ; the observatory of Lord Wrottesley, at Wrottesley Hall ; the observatory of Mr. Lassell, at Bradstones, near Liverpool; and the observatory of the Earl of Reese, at Birr Castle, Ireland.
The Royal Observatory of Paris was commenced in the year 1667, but was not completed until 1671. Its early history was illustrated by the labours of Dominique Cassini and Picard. M. Le Verrier, one of the independent discoverers of the planet Neptune, is the present director of that establishment. The only other public observatories of France are those of Marseille and Toulouse.
Perhaps no country in Europe is so richly endowed with public observatories as Germany. In the north of Germany we find the observatories of Berlin, Konigsberg, Breslau, Bonn, Gottingen, Gotha, and Hamburg ; in the south there are the observatories of Viemia and Munich. The observatory of Konigsberg is celebrated for having
been the scene of the labours of the illustrious Bessel.
In Italy there are numerous public observatories, of which the most famous is the observatory of the Collegio Romano, Rome, directed by the distinguished astronomer, Professor Secelii.
In Russia great efforts have been made during the present century to promote the cultivation of astronomy. The Imperial Observatory of Pulkowa, directed by the celebrated astronomer M. Struve, is perhaps the most magnificent institution that has ever been established for the advancement of practical astronony. There is also in Russia the observatory of Dorpat, directed by Professor Miidler ; and the obser vatory of Moscow, of which Professor Schweizer is director.
Observatories have been established throughout the other countries of Europe. A list of these establishments is given in the article ASTRONOMY In the United States of America great progress has been made during the last quarter of a century, in the cultivation of practical astronomy, and a number of flourishing observatories are now in active operation. Of these the most celebrated are the National Observatory, Washington, and the Observatory of Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts.