"From this account it is evident that the second cavity neither receives tho solid food in the first instance, as in the bullock, nor does the food afterwards pass into the cavity or cellular structure. The food first passes into the first compartment of the first cavity, and that portion of it which lies in the recess, immediately below the entrance of the cesophagua, under which the cella are situated, is kept moist, and is readily returned into the mouth along the groove formed for that purpose, by the action of the strong muscle which surrounds this part of the stomach, so that the cellular portion of the first cavity in the camel performs the same office as the second in the ruminants with horns. While the camel is drinking, the action of the muscular band opens the orifice of the second cavity at the same time that it directs the water into it; a,nd when the cells of that cavity are full, the rest runs off into the cellular structure of the first cavity immediately below, and afterwards into the general cavity. It would appear that camels, when accustomed to go journeys, in which they are kept for an unusual number of days without acquire tho power of dilating the cells so as to make them contain a more than ordinary quantity as a supply for their journey ; at least, such is the account given by those who have been in Egypt. When the cud has been chewed, it has to pass along the upper part of the second cavity before it can reach the third. How this is effected without its falling into the cellular portion, could not, from any inspection of dried specimens, be ascertained ; but when the recent stomach is accurately examined the mode in which this is managed becomes very obvious. At the time that the cud has to pass from the mouth the muscular band contracts with so much force that it not only opens the orifice of the second cavity, but acting on the mouth of the third brings it forward into the second, by which means the muscular ridges that separate the rows of cells are brought close together, so as to exclude these cavities from the canal through which the cud passes." Sir Everard Home having stated that John Hunter did not give credit to the assertion that the Camel can retain a quantity of water in its stomach unmixed with the food, and capable of being recovered after the animal has been killed, the following note by Dr. Patrick Russell, in the Appendix to his brother's 'History of Aleppo,' is of some interest :—" That water, in cases of emergency, is taken from the stomach of camels, is a fact neither doubted in Syria nor thought strange. I never was myself in a caravan reduced to such an expe dient; but I had the less reason to distrust the report of others, particularly of the Arabs, seeing that even the love of the marvellous could in such a case be no inducement to invention.. It may perhaps be superfluous to produce the authority of an Arab historian (Beidawi), who, in his account of the Prophet's' Expedition to Tabuc against the Greeks, relates, among other distresses of the army, that they were reduced to the necessity of killing their camels for the sake of the water contained in their stomachs. (Sale, Koran,' p. 164; Gibbon, `Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' v. p. 245.) " On my return from the East Indies, in 1789, hearing accidentally that my friend Mr. John Hunter had dissected a camel, and was supposed to have expressed an opinion that the animal's power of preserving water in its stomach was rather improbable, I took an opportunity of conversing with him on the subject, when (to the best of my recollection) he told me that he by no means drew any such absolute inference from his dissection ; that he saw no reason for assigning more than four stomachs to the camel, though he could conceive that water might be found in the paunch little impregnated by the dry provender of the desert, and readily separating or draining from it.' "In hopes that other particulars might be found among the papers of my lately-deceased friend, I applied to his brother-in-law, Mr. Home, who informed me that ho had examined them, but without discovering any observations on the subject." (Vol. ii. p. 425.) "From these remarks, then, it appears that the small cavity regarded by Daubenton as analogous to a reticulum, was not con sidered by Mr. Hunter as of sufficient importance to be ranked as a distinct stomach ; and the water-bag must therefore, in his opinion, have held the place of the honey-comb-bag in the horned ruminants. And when we compare the relation of the reticulum to the rumen in that tribe, with the corresponding free communication which subsists between the water-bag and rumen in the camel tribe ; and when also we observe in both the precise correspondence in the mode of communication of these two cavities with the oeso phagus and with the muscular apparatus destined to convey the re-masticated food beyond their apertures into the third cavity, and at the same time find an approach to the peculiar disposition of the cells of the water-bag in the reticulum of some of the horned ruminants, it becomes evident that the two cavities are analogoua, the reticulum of the camels being modified for its destined functions by the greater development of the secondary cells, by the absence of a cuticular lining, and by the production of the inner layer of the muscular tunic, which forms the apparatus for closing the orifice of the primary cells. The third cavity, therefore, which could not have
been recognised as a distinct compartment in the llama, and which undoubtedly receives the re-masticated food in the camel, ought rather to be regarded as a peculiar structure, to which nothing analogous is to be found in the stomachs of the horned ruminants." Here is represented the muscular arrangement provided for closing the orifices of the cells so as to prevent the food from falling into them. The cells themselves are exposed, bringing into view their bottoms, the muscular conformation of which enables the animal to give out their contents.
The seven callosities on the flexures of the limbs and chest, and the hump on the back, seem perhaps to bear more relation to the neces sities of the animal, considered as the slave of man. These callosities are the points whereon the animal reata when it kneels down to receive its burden. The hump, which is a fatty secretion, is known to be abaorbed into the system when the animal is pinched for food, thus forming a provision against the casualties of a life ordained to be spent in the desert.
The Camel furnishes the Arab with flesh and milk ; of its hair he weaves clothing and even tents ; his belt and his sandals are the produce of its hide ; and the dung affords him fuel. Tho soot of this fuel, after having undergone the process of sublimation in closed vessels, produced. the sal-ammoniac, or hydrochlomte of ammonia, which was formerly imported from Egypt into this country, where the alkali is now however manufactured in a variety of ways. In the East the hair of the camel is made into cloth. The raiment of John the Baptist was of camel's hair. (Matthew, iii. 4; Mark, L 6.) It is principally imported into these islands for the manufacture of pencils for the painter. The hair which is the product of Persia is held in the greatest estimation. There are three qualities—black, red, and gray ; the black brings the best price, the red comes next in value, and the gray is only valued at half the price of the red. But these uses are mere trifles when compared with the paramount importance of these animals as commercial vehicles, 'ships of the desert,' as they have been poetically termed ; for they are the living machines by means of which communication is kept up across the most desolate and frightful deserts, which without some ouch aid would be entirely impassable by man. These toilsome journies over the most dreary and inhospitable regions, the organisation of the camel and its extreme temperance enable it to perform with comparative ease.
• The load of a heavy or slow-going camel in one of the caravans is, according to Major Reiman, from 500 to 600 lbs. weight. The latter is the amount given by Sande as the ordinary load ; "yet," he adds, "will he carry a 1000 lbs. weight" At Pisa the burden of a full-grown camel is stated to be sometimes 14 kilogrammes (above 800 lbs.). The mode of training the beast to bear these loads seems to vary. 13rue, speaking of an African mode (Senegal) towards the end of the 17th century, says :—" Soon after a camel is born the Moors tie his feet under his belly, and having thrown a large cloth over his back, put heavy stones at each corner of the cloth, which tests on the ground. They in this manner accustom him to receive the heaviest loads." Santi describes the method adopted at Pisa. At the age of four years a camel which is intended for labour is broken in. The trainers first double up one of his four legs, which they tie fast with a cord ; they then pull the cord, and thus usually compel the animal to fall upon his bent knee. If this does not succeed they tie up both legs, and he falls upon both knees, and upon the callosity which is upon his breast. They often accompany this operation with a particular cry and with a slight blow of a whip. At this cry and blow, with the addition of a sudden jerk downwards of his halter, the camel gradually learns to lie down upon his belly, with his legs doubled under him, at the command of his driver. The trainers then accustom hint to a pack saddle, and place on it a load at first light, but increased by degrees SS the animal advances in docility, till at last, when he readily lies down at the voice of his driver and as readily rises up with his load, his education is so far complete. The camels at Pisa, it appears, do not complain if too heavily laden ; but in Egypt, according to Damn, they remonstrated loudly on such occasions, crying out when they were laden too heavily or unequally.
In travelling with a caravan the acute sense of smelling possessed by the Camel is strikingly displayed. When apparently completely worn out, and when all have been on the point of perishing with thirst, he has been known to break his halter and run with unerring cer tainty to a spring which had escaped the observation of the other .quadrupeds of the caravan, and of man himself.