For the special qualities of particular varieties of the Dog sce the articles BEAGLE, BLOOD-HOUND, DRATIIOUND, HARRIER, POINTER, Pro, SETTER, SPANIEL, TERRIER, WOLF-Doe.
1rolves.
C. Lupus (Linnaeus), the Wolf. Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton Smith makes Lupus the first section of his first sub-genus Chaon, of the Diurnal Canichr, or Canine group furnished with a round pupil of the eye.
In this section he comprises the Common Wolf, Lupus vulgaris ; the Black Wolf, L. Lycaon ; the Dusky Wolf, L. nubilus, Wied. ; and the Wolf of the Southern States of North America, L. Mezicanus, Smith.
In the second section, Lyciscus, or as he terms the group the Lyciscan Dogs, he places the North American Wolf, L. latrans ; and the Caygotto of Mexico, L. Cagottus, Smith.
With regard to the American Wolves, Colonel Smith remarks that whether they be distinct from those of the eastern hemisphere, or primeval varieties, is not as yet satisfactorily established. The high authority of Sir John Richardson he observes leans towards the opinion that they are different species; while Prince Maximilian of Wied, perhaps still more practically conversant with the races of both continents, thinks that they are not specifically distinct To this lasts mentioned opinion Colonel Smith atatimi that his own somewhat extensive researches lead him to subscribe; but he qualifies this statement by observing that while our ideas respecting the character istics of species remain unsettled the difference of conclusion is perhaps only females.
In M. Lesson's ' Manuel' the following existing Wolves appear as distinct species :—the Common Wolf, C. Lupus, Linn. ; the Mexican Wolf, C. Mu-ft-anus, Deem.; the Red Wolf, C. jabot us Deem.; the Prairie Wolf, C. laIrans, Hari.; and the Dusky Wolf, Loup Odorant, C. nmbil &a}.
Colonel Smith observes that tho typical Wolf of Europe and Asia, and tho varieties belonging to this tribe in America, may be described as animals occupying the two continents from within the Arctic circle on the north, to Spain, and perhaps to 3Iarocco on the west side of the 01(1 Continent ; to Syria, and beyond the Crishna in India ; and to near the Isthmus of Panama in the New World. Farther south, in the last-mentioned part of the globe, they are, he remarks, replaced by an aberrant canine, the Rod Wolf of Cnvier; and in the first by lIymnas, the Painted Lycaon (Canis rictus), and perhaps by other species not as yet fully developed. "In China," says Colonel Smith, "wolves abound in the province of Xantung [Changtung I]; but bow far they are found to the south is not known. Buffon, from the account of Adancon (Adamson), asserts the existence of a powerful race of wolves in the Senegal country, hunting in company with the lion ; but the name is most likely applied to a hymn, a lycaon, or one of the red chrysean group." (` Naturalist's Library.') The following must be the passage alluded to :—Adanson states that one night a lion and a wolf (lonp) entered together in the court of the house where he slept ; they raised themselves by turns by placing their feet on the timber-work of the roof (eomblo), as he could easily hear, and carried off their provision. In the morning the
occupiers of the dwelling were satisfied, from the well-marked impressions of their feet in the sand, that the animals came together, and perceived the place whence they had taken away two fish : doubts leas, says Adamson, each took his own. This theft, he adds, was moderato for two such carnivorous animals, but they did not choose tho smallest. " I do not know," continues the French traveller, "that it has been before observed that the wolf goes (frayo) with the lion; nevertheless the fact is not extraordinary; there are daily proofs of it in this country, and every evening the wolf may be heard howling at the side of the lion. I have witnessed the same thing a hundred times in all my voyages on the Niger (the Senegal), and I know, without possibility of doubt, that the wolf is often found with the lion without having anything to fear. It is not that the size of the African wolf, which is much superior to that of the wolf of Europe, makes any impression on the lion ; it is only because the flesh of the former is no temptation to the latter : and what confirms me in this opinion is, that I never saw the two lions which were kept in the middle of the village of Senegal attack the dogs which were exposed to them, or which they met when they were unchained; whereas they fell upon the first horse or child which came in their way." Le Vaillaut and the French generally called the Spotted Hyaena Loup Tachet6; and the terms Tigre and Tigreese are used generally for any large spotted cat. Thus we have an account of the 'Hardiesse du Tigre' in Adansou'a very next sentence, where he says—" Some days after this visit of the lion with the wolf we received one from a tigress, which came to tho same place with her young one and also carried away two fish." In tho New History of Ethiopia, being a Full and Accurate Description of the Kingdom of Abessinia, vulgarly, though erroneously, called the Empire of Prester John ; in four books : by the learned Job Ludolplam, Author of the Ethiopic Lexicon ; made English by J. I'. Gent. Folio, London, 1032,'—is the following passage:—' Tygers and 'withers are much more cruel and fierce than lions, for they never spare mankind ; yet they covet the Ethiopians before white men, as more accustomed to that sort of dyet. These two beasts differ only in colour ; for the panthers are brown, spotted with black ; the tigers gold-coloured, with fine black spots like five-leaved grass : they are beasts of a dreadful celerity and boldness; by night they break into villages, and make doleful massa cres among the poor innocent cattle ; yet Alvarez affirms that these butcheries never happen in Midra-Bahrh." It is almost superfluous to add, that the Tiger, properly so called, does not inhabit Africa.