Louis KILL received Grotine very favourably, and granted him a pension of 8000 lyres, but it was paid with great irregularity. He was harshly treated by the Protestant ministers of Charenton, who, having assented to the doctrines of the synod of Dordrecht, refused to admit Grotias into their communion, and he was obliged to have divine service performed at home. At Paris (1622) he published his 'Apology,' which was prohibited in Holland under severe penalties. Having spent a year at Paris, he retired to a country-seat of the president De Madmen, near Senlis, where he spent the spring and summer of 1623. It was in that retreat that he commenced his work ' De Jure Belli et Pads,' which was published in the next year.
During his residence in France he was constantly annoyed with importunities to pass over to tho Roman Catholic religion; but though he was tired of the country, and received invitations from the Duke of Holstein and the King of Denmark, he declined them. Gustavus Adolphus also made him offers, which, after his death, were repeated by Oxenatiern iu the name of queen Christina. In the mean time the stadholder Maurice died, and his successor seeming leas hostile to Grotius, he was induced by the entreaties of his Dutch friends to venture to return. He arrived at Rotterdam in September 1631, and the news of his return excited a great sensation throughout all Hol land. But in spite of all the efforts of his friends he was again obliged to leave the country, and went (1632) to Hamburg, where he lived till 1634, when ho joined the chancellor Oxenstiern at Frankfurt on-the-Main, who appointed him councillor to the queen of Sweden, and her ambassador at the court of France. The object of the em bassy was to obtain the assistance of France against the emperor. Grotius arrived at Paris in March 1635 ; and although he had many difficulties to encounter from Richelieu, and afterwards from Mazarin, he maintained the rights and promoted the interests of his adopted sovereign with great firmness. He continued in his post till 1644, when he was recalled at his own request. Having obtained a pass port through Holland, he embarked on his return at Dieppe, and on his landing at Amsterdam (1645) was received with great distinction and entertained at the public expense. From Amsterdam he pro ceeded by Hamburg and Lubeck to Stockholm, where he was received iu the most flattering manner by the queen. Grotius however was not pleased with the learned flippancy of Christina's court, and resolved on quitting Sweden. The climate also did not agree with him. The queen, having in vain tried to retain him in her service, made him a present of a largo sum of money, and of some costly objects ; she also gave him a vessel, in which he embarked for Liibeck on the 12th of August, but a violent storm, by which his ship was tossed about during three days, obliged him to laud on the 17th in Pomerania, about 15 leagues from Dauzig, whence he proceeded towards Liibeek.
He arrived at Rostock on the 26th, very ill from the fatigues of the journey, and from exposure to wind aud rain in an opeu carriage; he died on the 28th of August 1645, in the sixty-third year of his age. His last momenta were spent in religious preparation, and he died expressing the sentiments of a true Christian. His body was carried to Delft and deposited in the grave of his ancestors, where a monu ment was erected to him in 1781. Two medals were struck in honour of him.
Notwithstanding his stormy life, the works of Grotius are very numerous. They treat of divinity, jurisprudence, history, literature, and poetry. Many of them are become classical. They may be dis tributed as follows :-1. His ' Opera Theologies,' which were collected by his eon Peter Grotius, 4 vols. 4to, Amsterdam, 1679, contain, in the first volume, his commentaries ou the Holy Scriptures, but particularly on the Gospels. Leibnitz said of them (' Opera,' vol. vi. p. 226) that he preferred Grotius to all the commentators. 2. The treatise, De Veritate Religionis Christiana); which has been translated from the Latin of Grotius into many European, and even into some Oriental languages. An Arabic translation was published at Oxford (1660), with notes by Edward Pococke. 3. A treatise in Latin, On the Atone ment,' written against Socinus, in order to vindicate the Remonstrauts from the charge of Sociniaoism; translated into English, and published at London (1692) under the title, 'Defence of the Catholic Faith con cerning the Satisfaction of Christ,' translated by W. H. 4. Via ad l'acem Eccleeiasticam,' and several other treatises, amongst which the most remarkable is Philosophorum Sententiss de Fato at de eo quod in nostra est Potentate.' Among his works on jurisprudence, his treatise ' Da Jure Bell et Pacia' is translated into all the European languages, and has long been adopted by many universities as au elementary book for the study of international law. It seems how ever that the author wrote it rather for the use of sovereigns aud ministers than for students. It was a favourite book of Gustavus Adolphus, and he always carried it with him. 2. 'Florum Sparsio ad Jue Justinianum,' Paris, 1642. 3. 'Introduction to the Juris prudence of Holland' (in Dutch), at the Hague, 1631. 4. 'Mare Liberum,' a treatise against the claims of the English to exclusive right over certain seas. It was answered by Seldeu in his Mare Clausum.' 5. De Imperio Summarum Poteetatum circa Sacra,' Paris, 1646; reprinted at Naples, 1780, Cum Scholiia Criticis et Chronologicie.' 6. A collection of legal consultations, opinions, &c.