The hinge joints used in joiner's or smith's work, are of an almost endless variety, but in common practice they may bo said to be com prised under the following principal varieties. The butt joints are those in which the hinge is made to bear a rounded edge, for the purpose of carrying on the line of a bead worked on the edge of the frame, designedly to hide the mode of hanging ; sometimes, however, the butts are made to project when the door, casement, flap, &e., may be required to fold back over a projection. A description of hinge joint, called a back Jtap, is sometimes used in common work, for the same purpose as butt considerable, is made with what are called his es; and when the development of the door is very pulpit hinges. Ride joints are use when the doors or windows require to open back to great distances; that is to say, when the centres of motion are stoats.] at distant paints from the plane of the dosed soar es window ; are sometimes used for this purpose, hid they are identical in 1ple rule joints. I'ivot jointe, and 'slag es stave are those used when the doors and windows are made to reveille ea duel Hats, placed either retuoal1y or horizontally, or breroisil the laline of the closed work. The objects to Is sotalard an any of thew viscrilitions of hinge joints are, that the lissom artieho to be tooled be able to So so away, and without frstien or noise; sal that they should shut close, so as to prevent air or duet from paenag through.
Is the eselosures of railway sheds or in waiting.rootne of railway eastioas. • description of t, known:as a sEdia9 joie', is used, In who& the doors ars upon relive that run ulion • rail, above or below the doer ; and in modern shops the external abutters are made with what are called reedeisgjobsio or they are made to wind round • herianoid or vertical bar, upon • species of tambour frame. It may also be desirable bore to odd, that lb pipe !eying, the joints are either tarie • spare ead /merit, in which the end of one pipe fits into a writs met on the cod of the other, and is rendered steam- water or p. tight, by the yarn, whitelead, or melted lead run into the intervat ; or they are made with )(dors or broad faces made to boar closely agates, one another, either with • turned face, or by the interposition of mom elastic mbetances.
.1(11/M3 n...10: COMPANIES. Them Companies are distinguished Grant other Corporations by being associated, not for any public or nimieberative rupee° merely, but for carrying on a trade or business with • view to Individual profit. They pen other peculiarities equally demerring of notice.
This nate= of anieciatioe, which has received such gigantic develop ment in modern times, is by no means of recent origin. Institution* founded on the same principle as the trading guilds of the middle ages seem to hare existed among the Saxons ; and soon after the conquest we dal aseepodes of different trades established in the various sea ports and other towns of importance in the kingdom. Throe frater
nities generally became In course of time chartered corporations; each pomossing the excluaire privilege of following the particular occups dee which it prefesel to protect. After the Reformation they mostly leanne merged in the municipal corporations, the franchises of 'hkh amid ba many cases be enjoyed by these only who were free of use of the ootapanies into which the community was divided. In this they remained until the Municipal Corporatiou Reform Act. these guild*, or companies, other trading ansociations sprung up how time to time. The general company of Germano, called also the Merchants of the Ileum, data from 1220, and became in the 15th century the Company of the Steelyard. In 1505, the " 3Ierchant Ad s anthem of England, for trading in woollen cloths to the Netherlands," obtains! a charter of incorporation, prohibiting the Ilona° merchants from interfering with them, and the Steelyard Company seems there after to have gradually declined. In 1553, was established the company of Me/cheat Adventurers for the discovery of lands, countries, isles, At-, not before known by the English," which resulted in the establish meat of a trade with Russia. The Turkey Company, the African t•oisipacy, the Faetlawl Company, the East India Company, were all chartered monopolies; but the lludamie Bay Company alone remains co this &orient footing.
grve after the Revolution, the principle of association began to be applied to • variety of purposes besides those of foreign adventure.
umerous propcte were started, the execution of which could not be eeeppeamal by }reseed. means, hut which it was thought might be attained by raising (spit.] on the joint-stock principle. Hence arose, la the warty part of the 18th century, the speculative mania, macro lewd is cennwctbn with the famous South Sea Company; of which we Lase min counterpart.. more than once in our own times. To meet the cads coselooed by this need development of tho associative ten dairy, the " Rubble Act' (d Gm 1. c. 18), was teased, declaring all companim whieb pweennsed to act as corporate bodies, and to pretend to roam transferable Wok, ttaWie ntibencee, and the promoters of them purodishie accordingly. Ilia statute was directed not so much against the offence of sting as a corp eration without authority, as with a view to prevent the frauds of uneriaciddel adventurers, who proposed settlauw• merely as Wt. to extract money out of the pockets of the thoreistime. Such as object, however, is not to be effected by mere 1s Ms. The gatubling In stocks and shares which seem* to be swriodindly revived among us, and which, In 1719, produce! the • lielsIsle Act," mum to an eel during the crash following the wild ereabtion which led to the statute; but the Act, nevertheless, haul arse aged la restraining for the future projects of a similar character to them against which its provielons were directed.