Edinburgh, 1857, 8vo : W. Spalding, Introduction to Logical Science' (reprint from the Encyclopndia Britannica), a thoughtful work, of much collection and discussion as to recently disputed points. London, 1856, I2mo : R. G. Latham, Logic in its Application to Lan guage,' a grammatical application well worthy the attention of teachers.
Of writers who have called in mathematical principles and forms, we have the following works :-London, 1847, 8vo : A. De Morgan, t ' Formal Logic, or the Calculus of Inference, necessary and probable.' London, 1860, 8vo : A. De Morgan, ' Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic.' This syllabus contains,references to the author's papers in the Cambridge Transactions, in which most of his novelties were first broached. Cambridge, 1847, 8vo : G. Boole, ' Mathematical Analysis 5f Logic.' London, 1854, 8vo : G. Boole, ' Investigation of the Laws 5f Thought.' There is an immense collection published, and publishing in France, ander the name of Cours de la Patrologie,' by the Abbe Migne. This :iollection contains many writers whom the logician desires to have, but can rarely obtain : as Boethius, Abelard, Peter Lombard, John of Salisbury, &c., &c., and a dictionary of scholastic philosophy and theology. It is to be wished that the publisher should circulate in England a distinct prospectus of the writers whose logical works have been reprinted ; and it may be added, that a small addition to the bulk of the whole work would make its medieval logic nearly as corn plete as Its theology. The volumes are sold separately, and are very cheap.
It Is impossible to give any aecouut of the history of the subject which was first analysed by Aristotle, and afterwards received from Zeno the Stoic, as is supposed, the name of laic. That history is not yet written in full. A history of one logical idea, that of the CATE oonirs, was published by Trendelenberg a few years since; and re cently, as wo are told, the first volume of a professed history of the whole subject has been published in Germany by Prantl, which comes down as far as Boctliius inclusive. A sketch of leading points and names is given by Mr. Mensal, In the introduction to his edition of Aldrich, dwelling briefly on the connection with logic of Zeno the Eleatic, the sophist.' before Aristotle, Secrete,, Plato, Aristotle, Theo phraatua, Eudeinum, Zeno and other Stoics, the Epicureans, Alexander of Aphrodisine, Ammonius, Simpliciue, Philoponus, Porphyry, John of Damascus, Photins, Paellue, Ifietuntidas, Pachymeres, Leo Magentinus, George of Trebizond, Cicero, Apuleius, Augustine, Marcianus Capella, Boethius, Camioderus, Avicenma, Averroes, Abelard, Gilbert Porreta nus, John of Salisbury, Peter lfispanus, Albertue Magnum, Thomas Aquinas, Dons Scotus, °cairn, Raymond Lully, Buridan, Burley, Laurentius Valls, Hodelphus Agricola, Ludovicus fives, Peter Ramue, Melancthon, Burgeredicitus, Keckermann, Dowamme, Milton, Bacon, Descartes, Locke, Leibnitz, Hobbes, Gassendi, Clauberg, Arnauld and Nicole, Buffier, be Clerc, Watts, Wolff, Baumgarten, Lambert, Plouc quet, Kant. So bare are the books of logic of all account of its
history, that a mere list of the names which would be most prominent in such a history, by which the student may resort to biographical dictionaries or general histories of philosophy, is a valuable addition to such an article as the present.
The greet points of elementary logical investigation are four in number : I. The some or term, the representative of one object of thought, as distinguished from others, including a mode of thinking. 2. The et/olio's, or mode of bringing two terms together, signified by a elude connecting two terms. 3. The proposition or judgment, z relation between two terms affirmed or denied. 4. The syllogism deduction of a relation between two terms by means of the relation, of the two to a third term. These points must needs include ill( consideration of all the laws of ratiocinative thought in action : surely What I What else f What of them p and What then I are question which point to all that can take place in a inental process by which thought leads to thought. Nevertherhess, by certain restrictions whici we hold to be purely arbitrary, logicians have curtailed their science and made it appear to contain but Is very small 'art of the promisee, of actual thought.. In placing before the student a mere sketch is disputed points, we renliud him that many things must be left unmated, many objections unprovided for. lie must look for ful Amur:ince, either for or againet, in writings of more extended character and in discussions which are fully guarded by the use of define( technicalities.