LONGOMONTA'NUS. Cnersruas SEVERIN, better known as Chris tian Longomontanus, from the latinised form of his native village, Langsberg, in Denmark, was born in 1562. His early education was probably wholly due to his own exertions, as the circumstances of his father, who was a poor ploughman, would scarcely have enabled him to incur much expense on that account; but upon the death of this parent, which took place when he was only eight years old, he was sent for a abort time to a good school by his maternal uncle. This improvement in young Severin's condition excited so much jealousy among his brethren, who thought themselves unfairly dealt with, that ho determined, in 1577, upon removing to \Vyborg, where he lived eleven years, "working by night to earn a subsistence, and attendiug the lectures of the professors during the day." After this he went to Copenhagen and there became known to Tycho Brah6, who employed him in reducing his observations and making other astronomical calculations up to the time of his quitting the island of Hoene in 1597, when he sent him to Wandenbourg, and thence to his residence at Benach, near Prague. His stay here was not of long duration, in consequence, it is said, of his attachment to his native country, though it is perhaps attributable to the death of his patron, which happened in 1601. [Muni:, Tame.] He returned by a cir cuitous route, in order to visit the place which had been honoured by the presence of Copernicus, and reached \Vyborg about the year 1603, where he was appointed superintendent (rocteur) of the gymnasium, and two years after was promoted to the professorship of mathematics in the university of Copenhagen, the duties of which ho continued to discharge till within two years of his death. Ho died at Copenhageu, 3th October 1647.
The following list of his published works is taken from the 18th volume of the ' M6moires des llommes Illustrea,' Paris, 1732 ; ' Theses summteur doctrine, Ethicea complectentes,' 1610; Diaputatio Ethics.
de Animm Human Morbis,' 1610; ‘Diaputationes duce de Philose phim origine otilitate, divisione, et addiscendi ratione,' 1611-18 ; gystematis Mathematici,' part 1; Arithmeticam Solutam dnobus libris reethodice comprehendens,' 1611; `Cyclometria 6 Lunulia reciproce demonstrata, uncle tam arem, quam perimetri Circuli exacta dimensio et in numeros diductio secuta est, hactenua ab omnibus Mathematicis unite desiderata,' 1612, 1627, and 1664 ; `Diaputatio de Eclipsibns ' 1616; Astronomia Denies in dues partes tributa, quarum prima doctrinam de diuturna apparente Siderum Revolutione super Sphmra armillari veterum instaurata duobus libris explicat; secunda Theorias de Motibus Planetarum ad Obeervationes Tychonis de Bmhd, &c. itidem duobus libris complectitur,'1622, 1640, and 1663 (Gassendi, in his 'Lifts of Tycho BrahtS,' says that this work belongs rather to that astronomer than to Longomontanua, since the tables of the planetary motions were either calculated by Longomontanus under the immediate superintendence of Tycho, or copied by him from those which Tycho had previously caused to be computed); Disputationes quatnor Astrologiesm; 1622; 'Pentas Problematum Philosophim; 1623; De Chronolabio Historico,' 1627; 'Diaputatio de Tempore trium Epoch arum, Mundi Conditi, Christi Nati, et Olympiadia prima,' 1629; Zetemata acptem de sammo hominis bono,' 1630; Disputatio de aummo hominis malo,' 1630; Geometric: quwsita Ira de Cyclometria rationali et vera,' 1631 ; Inventio Quadmturre Cirettli; 1634 (this work gave rise to a very animated dispute between the author and Dr. John Pell, an English mathematician, who proved that the demon
stration there given of the quadrature of the circle was fallacious, but notwithstanding Loogomontaans died in the conviction that he had effected that which has since been shown to be impracticable); Disputatio de Matheseos Indole,' 1636; 'Coronis Problematica ex Mysteriia Trium Numerorum; 1637; Problemata duo Geometries.; 1638 • Problems contra Paulum Guldinum de Circuli Measure,' 1638; Intrductio in Theatrnm Astronomicum; 1639 ; Rotundi in Plano, sen Circuli absoluta Measure,' 1644 ; 'Energeia Prosiortionis sesqui tertim; 1644; 'Con troversia cum Pellio de vera Circuli Mensura,' 1645. LONGUS is the name of the author, or supposed author, of a Greek pastoral romance, The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe,' or, according to the literal version of the Greek title (Mesons& Ta Kara AdIPPLIO nal :Ovine), 'Pastoral Matters concerning Daphnia and Chloe,' which has been generally admired for its elegance and simplicity, and is one of the earliest specimens of that kind of composition. We know nothing of the author, who is supposed to have lived in the fourth or fifth century of our era. The 'Daphnis' of Gesner approaches the nearest of any modern composition to an imitation of the work of Longus. This pastoral has gone through numerous editions, the beat of which are—that of Leipzig, 1777, called Variorum,' because it containa the notes of former editors ; Villoison's, with numerous notes by the editor, Paris, 1778 ; Schaefer a, Leipzig, 1803 ; that of Courier, Rome, 1810; that of Passow, Leipzig, 1811, Greek and German ; and by Sinner, l'aris, 1829, and Seiler, Leipzig, 1853. Courier diacovered in the manuscript of Lingua, in the Laurentian library at Florence, a passage of some length, belonging to the first book, which is wanting in all the other manuscripts. lie first published the fragment sepa rately at his own expense and distributed the copies gratis. He afterwards embodied it in his edition of the whole pastoral, of which he published only 52 copies, most of which he sent to distinguished scholars of various countries. He also republished Amyot's French translation of Longue, adding to it the translation of the discovered passage. [Consume, PAUL Lours.]