Mums. vol. vi. p. 152.) The greater part of these bandages were made of old linen, either collected by the deceased during his life-time or else by the taricheutce. Shirts and darned portions of garments are frequently found, and even the initials of the deceased embroidered en the cloth. This cloth is of various qualities, from the coarseness of canvas to the fine texture of muslin. The mass of bandages are, however, strips of about three or four inches wide, and from one to several yards wide, wound round the form with great skill and sym metry, and apparently laid on in a wet state. All the inequalities are carefully padded with small pledgets to bring the body to a symmetrical shape. At the Roman period, the limbs are bandaged separately, showing their form, in narrow strips of linen. The bandages near the form were often laid on while the asphalt was still hot and liquid, and others were dipped in liquid aromatics before applied ; but the greater part are of linen once white, but which has become of a cinnamon or yellow colour through age, although capable of resuming their original colour when bleached. Some pieces of linen have selvages, fringes, and blue lines, produced in the woof by threads dyed with indigo, as if torn from the original piece, and large shrouds which cover the other bandages close to the surface have been dyed of a red colour by means of the Carthanus tinctorius. The length of these bandages is considerable, as much as 1000 ells having been found wrapping a single mummy. Wrappers bandaging mummies are repre sented in Resellini (` Mon. Civ.' cxxvi.). The mummy when thus pre pared exhibited only the general outline of the human form, and lay like a great chrysalis in its cocoon. The name of the deceased, the years that he lived, and the reign of the monarch in whose reign he died, are sometimes found inscribed in a caustic ink, said to be nitrate of silver, on the inner bandages of some mummies. These marks are supposed to have been made in the shops of the wrappers, to prevent mistakes in the re-delivery of the bodies to the families. The bandages are generally of coarsest linen near the body, and of finer quality outside.
On some mummies, prepared with the greatest care, straps of a scarlet leather, about one and a halLinch wide, have been found cress ' ing the shoulders, the ends crossing on the breast, on the ends of which are stamped, apparently by a heated metal-punch like that used by the bookbinders, the names and titles of the reigning king, or the monarch adoring Amen-Ra. The earliest of these bears the name of Rameses X1II., of the 20th dynasty (Osburn, Mummy at Leeds,' pl. 2), and they continued to be used till the age of the Psammetici, B.C. 525. At the Roman period leaden and wax seals were sometimes attached to cords passed through the bandages of mummies, but the reason of the custom is unknown. (Pettigrew,`Hilt. Eg. Mum.,' pl. xi. 3.) The interior bandages of mummies have frequently a ease composed of as many as twenty or forty layers of linen closely pressed and glued together, and then covered with a thin layer of lime, on which have been painted in tempera the face and dress of the mummy, various deities connected with funereal rites, and vignettes and texts of chapters from the Ritual. A certain order attends those drawings—a scarab is often painted on the head, a flying ram-headed hawk on the chest, the paces Nu on the stomach, and at tho feet, sometimes made of a piece of board, the enemies of Egypt painted under the sandals, or the bull Apia bearing on its back a mummy. These cart:wes, which are found on the mummies of the kings of the 11th dynasty, continue till the Ptolemies. Under the Roman empire they were replaced by a
large painted sheet, on which was painted the deceased or Osiris, and some sepulchral deities, or by the portrait of the deceased painted upon thin beards of cc: rt du in encaustic. These later painting* cease to preserve the conventional Egyptian style, but represent the deceased with Creek features and costume. Beneath these cartonages is found a network of blue porcelain bugles deities, and pectoral plates, and sometimes beaded work well executed, and they are externally orna mented with wreaths of artificial or real flowers, and tinsel. The car tonage has often the same pedestal as the mummy-case, showing that the body was set upright during the funeral ceremonies. The colours, employed, and the style of painting of this sepulchral ornament, is very different in different mummies and at different periods.
Sometimes instead of a cartonage the external linen bandages are covered with extracts, more or less copious, from the Ritual of the Dead, traced in black carbonaceous ink, a style of ornamentation which prevailed both at an early and recent period, having been found on the coffin of a monarch of the 11th dynasty, and on mummies of the Ptolemaic period. Figures of deities and other representations taken from the sacred books are also traced on the bandages. Papyri were often deposited with the mummies generally rolled up, and in the inner bandages sometimes unfolded and spread over them, rarely in the hands, as in the case of a Greek mummy exhumed at Thebes, which held in its hand a papyrus containing the 17th book of the Iliad.' These relics were, however, often placed in wooden figures of the gods Osiris and Phtah Sochtaris. These papyri aro chiefly rituals or other religious books of a sepulchral nature. Besides papyri, little mummied figures, called the workmen of Hades,' made of stone, por celain, clay, or wood, were deposited in the tombs in little wooden boxes, to help the deceased in his agricultural labours in the Elysium. Around them is inscribed the 6th chapter of the Ritual.
The mummies in their cartonages were deposited in coffins of sarcophagi, generally of wood, either of cedar or sycamore, made in the shape of a mummy with its pedestal. Persons of high station and wealth sometimes had as many as three of these wooden coffins each increasing in size so as to fit into ono another like a nest of boxes. Those of kings were deposited in an outer sarcophagus of hard stone in shape of a chest or bin. Such outer coffins are of the greatest rarity, and at the early period of the pyramids are either entirely plain or only ornamented with architectural ornaments, but in the ago of the 18th and following dynasty are covered with inscriptions and intaglio reliefs representing the passage of the eun through the hours of the day or night. Some of these steno sarcophagi, especially those of the Later dynasties, are in the form of the mummy. The inscrip tions of those of the 26th dynasty are often the 72nd chapter of the Ritual; the stone coffins of the Ptolemaic age have the same principal deities of the Pantheon addressing the departed as Osiris, and other formulae. The wooden sarcophagi are of different shapes at different ages —that of the king Menkheres, builder of the 3rd pyramid, is of cedar, uncoloured and in tho shape of a mummy—those of the 6th &,` 11th dynastic are often rectangular chests painted inside with representa ions of wardrobes, and inscribed with copious extracts of funeral ritual.