In Ireland, as In England and Scotland, newspaper intelligence origi nated during civil commotion. As far back as 1641, at the breaking out of the Rebellion of that year, there was printed a news sheet called ' Warranted Tidings from !rebind ; ' but from that time to the begin ning of the 18th century, we have no notice of any other print of the kind, although it is not improbable that there may have been some. About the year 1700, a newspaper called ' Pude Occurrences,' named after the proprietor, was established in Dublin, and maintained itself for more than half a century. This was the first newspaper pnblished in the Irish capital. The next Dublin print was' Falkener's Journal,' established in 1728: both were daily papers. Waterford appears to have followed Dublin in publishing news, by the establishment of a paper in 1729, entitled ' The Waterford Flying l'ost.' lu November, 7a6, the Waterford Journal ' came out ; and ' Ramsay's Waterford Chronicle' about the same time. The present Waterford Mirror' was started in 1801. The oldest existing newspaper in Ireland is the Belfast News Letter,' started in 1737. Among the other existing Dublin papers may be mentioned the Evening Peet,' which has now existed about eight's years.
The abolition of the advertisement duty in 1853 (16 & 17 Vict. cap. 63); the total removal of the stamp duty in 1S55, or at least rendering it optional for the purpose of paying the penny postage, which gives the privilege of ciroulating by poet for fifteen days (18 & 19 Viet. cap. 25); and the introduction of machinery, by which from 10,000 to 15,000 copies can be produced perfect in an hour ; have united in giving a marked impetus to the extension of newspapers in the United Kingdom. In London there are now (Aug. 1S00) pub lished 14 morning papers instead of 6. The Times,' which usually consists of 16 pages, or two sheets, each containing a printed mass of upwards of 191! square feet, price 9d.; the Morning Advertiser,' the ' Morning Chronicle,' the Morning Herald,' the ' Morning Peat,' and the Public Ledger,' each of 8 pages, and price 4d. ; the ' Daily News„ price 3d., the' Standard ' and' Daily Telegraph,' and the' Morning Star,' each of 8 pages, published at each. The otbera are Lloyd's List.' the 'Commercial List,' and the ' Shipping Advertiser,' for commercial affaira, and 'L'Enteact,' a penny paper devoted to theatricals. As there is now no record of the numbers printed, it is impossible to give more than approximations ; but it is known that the Times' publishes daily from 50,000 to 60,000 copies ; and the Standard' has asserted that on one occasion it priuted 100,000, the general sale nearly approach ing that number. It is clear, indeed, that only a very large sale, with numerous advertisements, for which the wide circulation renders them a good medium, can enable these low-priced newspapers to maintain themselves, particularly as some of them, the Standard' for example, do not rely on the higher-priced morning papers for the more expensive articles of intelligence, such as the foreign and telegraphic communications, reports in parliament, &c. Of evening papers there are now eight, the 'Globe,' the ' Evening Herald,' and the ' Sun,' price 4d., the Express,' and the ' Evening Journal,' are branches of the Daily News' and 'Morning lerald, price 2d. ; the
' Evening Star,' and the ' Evening Standard,' are in part second editions of the morning papers of the same names, and like them price Id. The ' Shipping and Mercantile Gazette,' is a commercial paper, price 5d. The ' London Gazette' is published twice a week. The ' Evening Mail,' the St. James's ' end the ' Record,' are published three times a week. Of weekly London papers there are altogether 139, but this includes literary papera, such as the Athenteum,' the Literary Gazette," Punch," Notes and Queries,' and many class publications, such as the 'Solicitor's Journal,' the ' Builder,' and the Pawnbroker'a Gazette ;' but they are all essentially news papers, though not all political. One remarkable feature is the existence of a considerable number of local papers in London, the City Press,' the Clarkenwell News,' the Islington Gazette,' the Islington Times,' the Holhoni Journal,'. the St. Pancras and Holborn Times,' the Marylebone Mercury,' and several others. These are chiefly papers devoted to local affairs and advertise ments, none of them exceeding a penny in price, and seine being published at a halfpenny. Some of the other weekly papers are con ducted with a large amount of literary and political talent, and are of a higher price, such as the' Examiner,' the' Spectator,' the' Ssturday Review,' the Press,' the Leader,' &c. Others appeal to cheapness and a variety of intelligence, and some of them reach a circulation of of nearly 200,000. Among those which reach a high number are some of the illustrated papers, such as the Illustrated London News,' the Illustrated Times,' &c. There are many other periodical publica tions, such an '1Iousehold Words." Chambera's Journal,' &c., which, m not containing sews, are not included among newspapers. Of local newspapers published in England there aro 559, and in Wales 25. Many of these are penny papers, which are mostly published in the smaller towns; but Birmingham has two daily papers and Liverpool one at that price. There are 15 newspapers published in Scotland, and the prices vary from a penny, of which price there are many and some of them daily, to fivepenco; four of them are monthly agricultural papera • and two are daily issues of Edinburgh newspapers, which are published in a separate aeries twice a week. In Ireland there are 129 published, but only Belfast, Cork, and Dublin have any so low in price as a penny ; and they are the only towns with a daily paper. In the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, there are published 15 news papers, at prices varying from a penny to threepence. In all the pre ceding statements we have named the price independent of the stamp, which In all cases is charged for extra if a stamped paper is required. As we have already mentioned, it is perfectly impossible even to guess at the total number printed, but in 1859 there were 70,500,000 passed through the post-offiee, of which about three-fourths bore the newspaper stamp, and the other fourth an affixed postage stamp. This number is leas than in the two preceding years, no doubt from the increasing practice of *ending newspapers by railway parcels instead of the post.