The number of horses employed in the British service to draw artillery of the different natures is as follows :—For an 18-pounder or an 8-inch howitzer, from 8 to 10 horses. For a 12-pounder, 9-pounder, a heavy 6-pounder, or a 24-pounder howitzer, from 6 to 8 horses. For a light 6-pounder, a heavy 3-pounder, or a 12-pounder howitzer, from 4 to 6 horses. It may be observed here, that 4 horses cannot draw a weight twice as great as that which can be drawn by 2; therefore the number of horses which should be applied to draw weights must be increased in a higher ratio than the weights.
Formerly two 6-pounder guns were attached to each battalion of infantry, hut this practice has long been discontinued, and now all the artillery which accompanies an army into the field is formed into batteries or brigades, each invariably consisting of six pieces. The brigades of foot-artillery consist either of five medium 12-pounders and a 32-pounder howitzer, or five 9-pounders and a 24-pounder howitzer ; and a troop of horse-artillery is usually composed of five 9-pounders, 24-pounder howitzer, though they have occasionally been composed of 6-pounders and 12-pounder howitzers.
Six-pounder guns were not much employed with the armies under the Duke of Wellington, as they were found to be inferior in effect to the artillery which the French brought into action during the war ; they may, however, be advantageously employed with a corps detached for the purpose of intercepting an enemy's convoy ; but it may be observed in general, that field ordnance should be such as may take good effect against troops at the distance of 800 or 1000 yards 12-pounders, and even 18-pounders, are necessary in the field when it is required to destroy palisades or small intrenchments, to break down bridges, and the like.
The guns hitherto employed in siege trains have been 18- and 24 pounders, and 8- and 10-inch howitzers, though at the siege of Sebastopol 32- and 68-pounders and 8- and 10-inch guns were employed. The mortars are the 8- and 10-inch, and occasionally, as at Sebastopol, the 13-inch mortar and the small Coehorn or 41-inch mortar.
With respect to the quantity of ordnance which should accompany an army into the field, no precise rule can be given, as the ratio of the number of men to that of the guns in the great armies on foot during the wars of the early part of the century was very various ; but, according to General Lespinesse, a division of 12,000 men, including two regiments of cavalry, should be attended by three brigades of horse and three of field artillery : one brigade of each kind is recom mended to be always with the division, another of each kind to remain with the general park of artillery, and the rest with the depot in rear of the army.
Long guns have now wholly superseded carronades for the navy, both because their fire is more accurate, and because of their greater range and penetration. For the sake of obtaining a nearly horizontal direction when a ship is rolling, it is a common rule in action to fire when the vessel is nearly upright; but this is said to he subject to some limitation, for it may happen that then the ship is in the trough or hollow of the sea, in which case she will have less command over her enemy than if she were on the summit of a wave : and it is recommended that shot intended to take effect on the hull of an enemy's ship should be discharged while the side engaged is descending towards the water ; or if intended to act against the rigging, it should be fired with the rising motion of the side, provided the aim be taken low.
For further information on the subject the reader is referred to Sir H. Douglas's Treatise on Naval Gunnery.' ORE. [Misuxo.] ()REAMS ('0peaalIta, from 'Opor, a mountain), Nymphs who dwelt in mountains, caves, and grottoes ; but the nymph of each cave and mountain had a specific name corresponding to that of her dwelling place. (Pausanias, v. 5, ix. 3, and x. 32 ; see also Theocritus, 'Id,' vii. 137.) The Orades were among the attendants on Artemis. The most celebrated of the Oreadcs was Echo, who incurred the anger of Hera by engaging her in talk on the mountains whilst Zeus sported with others of the Nymphs. On discovering the trick, Hera deprived her of control over her tongue, eo that she became unable to speak till some one else had spoken, and then unable to keep from repeating what was said. Wandering thus, she met and became deeply enamoured of Narcissus, who not requiting her affection, she pined away until nothing remained of her but her voice. (Ovid, Met. iii.) Under NAIADS and NEREIDS we have spoken of the Nymphs of the fountains and fresh waters and of the sea : we here add a brief account of Nymphs generally, in order to render our notice of the subject more complete.
/midis (zat'asqsag, Nymplece) were female deities in the Greek and Roman mythology, who were exceedingly numerous, and were sup posed to preside over all parts of the earth. Those who presided over rivers, brooks, and springs, were called Naiads ; those over mountains, Oreader; those over woods and trees, Dryades and Hamadryades ; those over the sea, Nereids ; those over valleys, Napwo', Ste (Homer, xx. 8.) They were thus associated with all the forms of external nature ; and they were the attendants of Hem, Aphrodite, Artemis, and other of the higher goddesses ; they are also seen with Apollo; as the nurses of many of the gods, as Zeus, Dionysus, and Pan and along with Dionysus, Pan, and the Satyrs in their dances and revels. Their lives were Tory long, but they were not immortal.
x. 31, sec 2.) They were worshipped In many puts of Greece, and were propitiated by offerings of milk, oil, and houuy, and by sacrifices of lambs (Theca:as, ' v. 53, 149); and temples were also dedioated to them in Italy, (Cie., ' Do Net.. Deor.,' Iii., 17.) Another class of Nymphs were regarded as the personification of. or as in some way associated with, particular raees and localities, as t`yrene, the Dedenides, Nysiales, ke.. The Nymphs occur very frequently in ancient art either alone, as attendants on one or other of the superior deities, or in Bacchie dances : they are represented as lovely but somewhat impassive maidens, generally clad in light transparent garments, or partly undraped. We give a cut of a very beautiful statue of one, an attendant on Artemis, now in the Third Gr:eco Roman Saloon of the British Museum; it was found in 1766. In the Villa Verospi, near the Salarian (late, Rome.