The advantage of studying these elementary principles in the words of Aristotle is, that in his writings the language of philosophy is formed into a scientific terminology, which is the basis of that which we now use. We cannot therefore lay a sure foundation for our logical and philosophical studies on any other basis than a full comprehension of the meaning of Aristotle's terms.
The author remarks that a learner of logic there meets with those fundamental notions (begriffe) in their simple nakedness, which lie hidden in all our knowledge and govern it. As these notions are hid or concealed in our knowledge, they appear dry and lifeless when they are produced in their naked form. It is therefore the business of the teacher to show to the pupil their real significance, to make him see their actual value in their application. Now the instruction in the German Gymnasia, as in the higher schools in Great Britain and Ireland, is in the learned languages and in mathematics ; and accord ingly the teachers in both these departments, if they are to make use of such a work as Trendelenburee, must be able to apply logical princi ples to instruction in language and in mathematics. To facilitate this method of instruction is the object of the learned author in the ' Illustrations (Flrliinterungen) to the Elements of Aristotle,' not, as he modestly observes, that this is precisely the form in which he supposes that they ought to be presented to the pupil, but " merely to render clear the fundamental notion of the logical relationship in the objects of scientific obeervation." The mode in which the author suggests that his two works should be used is probably the best ; but they cannot be used at all in ordinary instruction, except under the guidance of a competent teacher. They will however be useful to those who have a competent knowledge of the Creek and German languages, and possess some elementary notions of logic); and those who cannot read Greek with facility will probably find the following translation sufficiently exact to give them the mean. ing of Aristotle. A translation of such extracts is not easy, and it is possible that there may be some errors in it. A careful study of these extracts however will convince a student how meagre and unlade factory an exhibition of the elementary principles of logic even our beet works on the subject contain.
Outlines of Logic.
(1.) In things in which there is both falsehood and truth, there is a composition of Weise as though they were one. (' De Anim.,' iii 6.) For falsehood and truth are concerned with compoeition and separa tion. Accordingly nouns and verbs by themselves resemble the idea without composition and separation, as " man" or " white," when nothing is added : for there is so far neither falsehood nor truth. (`Dc Interpret') Consequently he thinks truly who considers that which is separated to be separated, and that which is com pounded to be compounded ; but he thinks falsely whose thoughts have a different relation from that which the things have. (' Mctaph.,' ix. 10.) (2.) All speech (ayer) is significative, but not all enunciative (ltrorparruas), but only that in which there is either truth or false hood. But it is not in all ; for example, prayer is speech, but neither true nor false. The enunciative alone belongs to the present inquiry. (' Do Interpret,' c.,4.) (3.) Of things said with no connection, each signifies either sub stance (okfa) or quantity, or quality, or relation, or where (space), or when (time), or position, or possession, or acting, or being acted on. And substance ( (pieta ) is to give an example, such as man, horse : and quantity is, such as two cubits, three cubits : and quality, such as white, grammatical: and relation, such as double, half, greater : and where, such as in the Lyceum, in the agora : and when, such as yesterday, last year : position, such as he is lying, he is sitting: and possession, such as he has shoes on, he is armed : and acting, such as he cuts, he burns : and being acted on (cosecs), such as he is cut, he is burnt. (' Categ.; c. 4.) (4.) Simple enunciative speech is firstly an affirmation, secondly a negation. And affirmation (nardoans) is an enunciation of something towards another thing ; and negation (lerAteuns) is the enunciation of something away from another thing. And the speech is true in like manner as the things are true. (' De Interpret.' c. 5, 6, 9.) (5.) " Not-man" is not a noun ; for indeed there is no name to call it by ; for it is neither affirmative speech nor a negation. But let it be called "name or noun indefinite,' (lOpia-Tos) because it cau be said equally of anything, both of what is and what is not.