Papal States
Papal States, Called Also &wu Of As Church, Is Tho Name Given To The Dominions Belonging To The Sco Of Rome, Of Which The Pope Is The Monarch. This State Occupies The Central Part Of Italy Stretching Across Tho Peninsula In An Oblique Direction From The Mediterranean To The Adriatic. ...
Papaver Opium
Papa'ver. Opium, Bledical Properties Of. The Juice Of The Unripe Capsule Or Fruit Of The Paperer Senmuleruni Seems To Have Been Used On Account Of Its Narcotic Powers From A Very Early Period, First In The East, Of Which It Is A Native, And Afterwards In The West. As To ...
Paper Hangings
Paper Hangings, A Term Applied (somewhat Incorrectly) To The Stained, Or Rather Coloured, Paper Pasted Against The Walls Of Apart Triente, Itc. The Word " Hangings" Was Originally And Properly Applied To The Woven Or Embroidered Tapestry With Which The Walls Of Rooms In Inane/ono Were Covered. From The Time ...
Paper Manufacture And Trade
Paper Manufacture And Trade. In Early Times The Materials Used For Writing Upon Were Chiefly Such As Only Required Some Little Mechanical Fashioning To Fit Them For That Purpose. Characters Were Engraved On Flat Stones Made Smooth, Or Were Im Pressed In Clay, Which Was Afterwards Dried And Hardened By ...
Paphlagonia
Paphlago'nia, A Province Of Asia Minor, Was Bounded N. By The Euxine, S. By The Part Of I'hrygia Afterwards Called Galatia, E. By Pontus, And W. By Bithynia. It Was Separated From Bithynia By The Partheniue, And From Pontns By The Halys. (herod. I. 6, 72.) Paphlagenia Is Described By ...
Papier Maciis
Papier-maciis. The French Term For A Preparation Of Moistened Paper, Of Which Many Articles Are Manufactured In England, France, And Germany. Such Articles Have Been Made In France For More Than A Century. In 1740 One Martin, A German Varnisher, Went To Paris To Learn This Manufacture From Lefevre. On ...
Papua
Pa'pua, Commonly Called New Guinea, Is An Island Of Great Extent, Situated At The Junction Of The Indian And Pacific Oceans. It Is Separated By Torres Strait From The Northern Extremity Of Australia; By The Strait Of Gallowa From The Small Island Of Sallawatty, Which Lies Farther West; And By ...
Papyrus
Papyrus. The Name Of A Plant And The Material Made From It, Especially That For Writing Used By The Nations Of Antiquity. One Of Its Names In The Ancient Egyptian Was P-apu (select Papyri, Pl. Xviii., I. 9.), Which Passed Into Greek And Latin Under The Form Papyrus; By The ...
Para L
Para L L Eloi'l P Ed (raps:mpe Thu Doe, Parallel-plane Solid) More Correctly Written Paralldepiped, Is The Name Given To A Solid Contained By Six Parallelograms, Which Are Equal And Parallel, Two And Two. It Is In Fact A Quadrangular Prism. When All The Parallelograms Are Rectangles, We Have One ...
Parable
Parable (wapaeoae, " A Comparison Or Similitude"), Is Defined By Bishop Lowth As " A Continued Narrative Of A Fictitious Event, Applied By Way Of Simile To The Illustration Of Some Important Truth." (‘ Prmlect.; X.) It Is A Species Of Fable, And Differs From The Apologne By Narrating Events ...
Parabola
Para'bola. The Probable Origin Of This Name, As Applied To One Of The Conic Sections, May Be Soeu In Mara:sem As In The Case Of The Other Corm Sections [ellipse And Ii Ypehbola), We Shall Here Give A Small Collection Of The Most Remarkable Properties Of This Curve. I. Let ...
Paraffin
Paraffin, Is One Of The Numerous Substances Which Chemical Discovery Has Added To The List Of Liquid Fuels For Lamps ; Its Nature May In Some Degree Be Shown By The Proceedings In A Chancery Suit Which Took Place In 1854. In 1850, Mr. Young Had Taken Out A Patent ...
Paraguay
Paraguay, Republic Of, South America, Is Situated Nearly In The Centre Of That Continent, Between 20° And 27° 30' S. Lat, 51° 30' And 59' W. Long. It Lies Between Tho Rivers Paranti And Paraguay ; And Is Bounded E. And N. By Brazil; W. By The Desert And Unsettled ...
Parallax
Parallax (rapiaaatis), Used In Astronomy Generally For The Angular Variation In The Position Of An Object Caused By The Excentric Situation Of The Observer With Respect To A Certain Point Of Reference. Thus The Parallax Of The Moon, Sun, Planets, Comets, Is The Difference Between The Position Of Any Of ...
Parallax Of The Fixed
Parallax Of The Fixed Stars. When Copernicus Pro Posed His Hypothesis Of The Earth's Motion, One Striking Astronomical Objection Was, That The Enormous Displacement Of The Spectator's Place Which His System Supposed Was Not Supported By A Corresponding :bongo In The Positions Of The Fixed Stare. Every Improvement In Inetrutnents, ...
Parallel Ruleyi
Ruleyi, Parallel. A Good Form Of This Instrument Is Explained Under 31seeuot's Retina, Which Is Particularly Applicable To The Ease In Which Numerous And Related Parallels Or Perpendiculars Are To Be Drawn. The Ordinary Instruments Are Of Two Kinds, Which Might Well Be Called Parallel Rulers And Parallel Rollers. The ...
Parallels
Parallels, In The Attack Or Siege Of A Place (siege), Are Wide Trenches Affording The Besieging Troops A Free Covered Communication Between Their Batteries And Approaches, And A Protection For The Guard Of The Trenches And The Covering Parties In The Day Time. What Were In Farmer Times Termed Lines ...
Paralysis
Paralysis (a Greek Word, Raftsusis, Which Signifies Literally A " Loosening" Or " Relaxation") Is The Diseased Condition In Which The Natural Power Of Sensation Or Motion Is Lost In Any Part Of Tho Body. The Principal Forms Of Paralysis Are Dependent On The Fact That Although Most Of The ...
Parapet
Parapet, In Fortification, Is Generally An Embankment Of Earth Which Is Formed Either On The Natural Ground Or On The Upper Surface Of The Rampart Of A Fortress Or Outwork. In The Latter Case The Parapet Rests On That Part Of The Rampart Which Is Nearest To The Exterior Of ...
Parasang 4
Parasang (4 Rapao-d-ryns), A Persian Measure Of Length, Which, According To Herodotus (ii. 6; V. 53; Vi. 42), Was Equal To 30 Stadia And If We Reckon Eight Stadia As Equal To One English Mile, The Parasang Was Consequently Equal To Nearly Four English Miles. Hesychius And Suidas Also Give ...
Parchment
Parchment Is The Skin Of An Animal Prepared For Writing Upon. The Name Is A Corruption Of The Latin Pergameno, From Pcrgamua, The Alleged Place Of Its Invention. Parchment Is Said To Have Been Invented By Eumenea Ii., King Of Pergamus (who Reigned B.c. 197 .]b9), In Consequence Of The ...
Parcx
Parcx (mapes), The Fates, Were Goddesses Who Were Supposed To Preside Over The Destinies Of Man. In Homer We Only Read Of One Deity, Mo7pa Or Alva; But In Hesiod And All Succeeding Poets We Read Of Three Fates : Clotho (ka.c0005), The " Spinster ;" Lachesis (aaxiass), The " ...
Pardon
Pardon. According To The Laws Of Most Countries, A Power Of Pardoning, Or Remitting The Penal Consequences Of A Conviction For Crimes Before The Judicial Tribunals, Is Vested In The Chief Magistrate Of The State. The Utility Of Such A Power Has Been Doubted By Judicial Writers, Upon The Ground ...
Parent And Child
Parent And Child. This Relation Arises Only From A Legal Marriage. The Relation Between Parents And Their Illegitimate Children Is Considered In The Article Bastard. Parents Are Bound To Maiutain Their Legitimate Children Who Are Unable To Maintain Themselves Owing To Infancy Or Inability To Work. This Obligation Extends To ...
Parga
Parga, A Town In The Province Of Albania In European Turkey, On The Coast Of The Ionian Sea, Opposite To The Isle Of Paso, From Which It Is 12 Miles Distant, In 39° 17' N. Lat., 20° 18' E. Long. This Place Is First Mentioned In The 15th Century, When, ...
Parian Chronicle
Parian Chronicle Is The Name Given To A Block Of Marble Preserved At Oxford, Which Contained In Its Perfect State A Chronological Account Of The Principal Events In Greek History (luring A Period Of 1318 Years, Beginning With Coctops, B.c. 1582, And Ending With The Arehonship Of Dlognetils, At Athens, ...
Paring And Burning
Paring And Burning. This Operation Consists In Cutting A Thin Slice From The Surface Of Land Which Is Overgrown With Grass, Fern, Or Any Other Plants Which Form A Sward By The Matting Together Of Their Roots. The Sods Are Allowed To Dry In The Sun To A Certain Degree, ...
Paris
Paris, The Metropolis Of France And Capital Of The Department Of Seine, Is Situated On The River Seine, And About 110 Miles In A Straight Line E.s.e. From Its Mouth. The Church Of St.-genevieve, The Pave Ment Of Which Is 199 Feet Above The Level Of The Sea, Stands In ...
Paris Yellow
Paris Yellow. (cototosiso Marrens.) I'altlsii. This Word Is Probably Derived Into The English Language From The French Perdue, And The Latin Parechia Or Paroccia, And Ultimately From The Greek Parodic' (rapeucta). At The Present Day It Denotes A Circumscribed Territory, Varying In Extent And Population, But Annexed To A Single ...
Park
Park. This Term, In Its Legal Signification As A Privileged Enclo Sure For Beasts Of The Forest And Chace, Is At The Present Day Nearly Obsolete. Under The Ancient Forest-laws, The Franchise Of The Highest Degree Was That Of A Forest Which Was Women Generalissimala, And Contained Within It The ...
Parliai Ent Of Ireland
Parliai Ent Of Ireland. In Ireland, As In England, From The Conquest Of The Country By Henry 11. Fu The Latter Part Of The 12th Century, Meetings Of The Barons Were Occasionally Summoned To Consult On Public Affairs, To Which The Old Historians Sometimes Give The Name Of Parliaments. But ...
Parma
Parma, Duchy Of, A Sovereign State In Northern Italy, Which Extends From The Apennines To The Po, And Forma Part Of The Great Basin Of That River. It Is Bounded N. By Austrian Italy, From Which It Is Divided By The Po; E. By The Duchy Of Llodena; W. By ...
Parma_2
Parma, The Capital Of The Duchy Of Parma, Situated In A Fine Plain About Twelve Miles South Of The Po, Is Rather More Than Four Miles In Circumference, And Is Surrounded By Walla And Ditches : It Is A Bishop's See, And Has About 40,000 Inhabitants. The Streets Are Wide ...
Parnahyba
Parnahyba. [beam.] L'aitnassos (ilaprecoos), The Name Of A Mountain-chain In Phocis, Which Extends In A North-easterly Direction From The Country Of The Locri Ozolre To Mount (eta, And In A South-westerly Direction Through The Middle Of Phocis Till It Joins Mount Helicon On The Borders Of Liceotie. The Name Was ...
Parody
Parody (from The Greek Rapaafa, And That From 913, An Ode). A Parody Is A Pleasantry, Which Consists In Turning What Is Intended As A Serious Composition Into Ridicule, By Adapting It To Some New Purpose, Or By The Affected Imitation Of Its Peculiarities. It Had Its Origin Among The ...
Parsnip
Parsnip. The Cultivated Parsnip (pastinaca Saliva) Is A Native Of England, And Ranks Amongst The Hardiest Of Kitchen-garden Produc Tions, As Is Proved By The Fact Of Its Having Withstood The Intense Frost Of 1833, In The Open Ground. There Are Four Varieties, Namely, The Common, Guernsey, Hollow-crowned, And Round ...
Parthia
Pa'rthia Originally Comprised A Small And Mountainous Country (strabo,xl P. 514) South-east Of The Caspian Sea, Between Hyrcania And Aria; Bat The Name Was Sometimes Applied To The Countries Included In The Later Parthian Empire. It Is Difficult To Define The Boundaries Of Parthia Proper, As They Differed At Various ...
Participle
Participle (in Grammar), The Name Of One Of The Parts Of Speech Into Which Grammarians Have Distributed The Words Of A Language. The Word "participle" Comes From The Latin Word " Parti Cipium," Which Is Formed On The Same Analogy As " Mancipium" And " Principium," And Means Literally " ...
Partnership
Partnership May Be Defined To Be A Contract Between Two Or More Persons For Joining Together Their Money, Goods, Labour, And Skill, Or Any Or All Of Them, Upon An Agreement That The Gain Or Loss Shall Be Divided Between Them; And Its Object Must Be Some Legal Trade Or ...
Partney
Partney. [liscoressuttie.] L'as-de-calais, N Department In The North Of France, Is Bounded E. And N.e. By The Department Of Nord, N.w. And W. By The Strait Of Dover And The English Channel, And S. By The Department Of Somme. It Extends Between 50° 2' And 51° N. Lat., 1° 33' ...
Pascual De Gay Angos
Gay Angos, Pascual De, An Eminent Spanish And Oriental Scholar, Who Has Made Many Valuable Contributions, Both Direct And Indirect, To English Literature, Was Born In Spain About The End Of The 18th Century. He Early Devoted Himself To The Study Of The Arabic Language, Without Which He Saw It ...
Passau
Passau, The Capital Of The Bavarian Circle Of The Lower Danube, Is Situated At The Point Where The Danube Receives The Ilz And The Inn, In 4s' 36' N. Lat., 13' 25' E. Long., And Has 10,820 Inhabitants. It Consists Of The Town Itself, And Of Three Suburbs. A Handsome ...
Passover
Passover (r1pd, A Passing Over, Or Sparing, Scisxa), Also Called The Feast Of Unleavened Bread, One Of The Three Great Annual Festivals Of The Was Established To Commemorate God's Passing Over The Houses Of The Israelites In Egypt When He Slew The First-born Of The Egyptians (exod. Xii. 27). It ...