llugues Capet, eon of Hugues the Great, grandson of Robert, brother of Count Eudes, and founder of the Capetian dynasty, having become King of France in 987, continued to reside at Paris, which thus again became the capital. Hugues and his successors resided in the building now called the Palais-de-Juatice. In the reign of Louis VI. (1108.1137), it is probable that the fortresses or prisons of Le-Grand-Chetelet and Le-PetiteClttelet on the north and south banks of the river, at the extremities of the two bridges from La-Cite to the mainland, were built: they were demolished, Le-Petit-Chatelet in 1752. and Le-Grand-Chatelet in 1S02. By the same king, the suburbs on the north and south banks were inolosied by walls, and thus incor porated with the insular part of the city. This was the second enclosing wall that girt the city of Paris which then consisted of three parts—the town north of the Seiue, the city on the island, and the university on the southern bank. Under Philippe Auguste, a new wall 8 feet thick, strengthened by 500 towers and by a deep fosse, was built, comprehending a much larger inclosuro than those of former times, both on the north and south bauk, and some of the principal streets were paved ; the foundation of the present cathedral of Notre-Dame was laid; several other churches also, and the hospital deels-TrinitsS were built.
In the reign of Jean II. (1350-64), the town had again outgrown its limits, and many edifices had been erected without the walls. In apprehension of an attack from the English after the battle of Poitiers (1356), new walls were raised on the north aide of the Seine, compre hending a yet larger inclosure then those of Philippe Auguste ; and on the south side the old walls were repaired and the ditches deepened. The island of Notre-Dame, now ile-de-SL-Louis, immediately above the 11e-de-la-Cite, was also fortified, and the passage of the Seine both above and below the city was obstructed by strong iron chains.
The treaty of Troyes (1420) and the events connected with it, gave Paris into the power of the English Henry VI., under whom it was governed by the Duke of Bedford, from 1421 to 1436. In 1429 it was attacked by the troops of Charles VII. of France under the com mand of Joan of Are, but the assailants were repulsed. In 1436 it was taken by the French under the Count of Richemont, constable of France, and the Count Dnnoia, with the aid of tho townspeople. The Eugliah garrison was surprised and put to the sword, except a few who retired to the fortress of the Bastille (one of the great fortified gates erected in the line of the last-mentioned wall at the extremity of the Rue-St-Antoine), and surrendered upon terms.
During the troubled period of the dynasty of Valois, the edifices, public and private, of the city were gradually improving in character. The population of Paris in the latter half of the 15th century is supposed by Dulaure to have been about 150,000. The police of the place was wretched ; the environs and suburbs, and occasionally I'aris itself, were infested with wolves. In the reign of Francois I. the fortifications of Paris were repaired and strengthened. Under Charles IX. (1566), the circuit of the walls was partially enlarged, in order to comprehend the palace of the Tuileries, then in course of erection, by Catherine de' Medici, the queen-mother. The residence
of the king was at that time at the Louvre, originally a fortress of ancient date, which had been made a royal residence, and enlarged and adorns d by the care of successive sovereigns. It was at this time being gradually rebuilt. The rebuilding of the suburb of St-Germain, on the south side of the river, which had been ruined in the wars of the 15th century, was commenced and some of its streets paved in the time of Francois I.; and in the reign of Henri III. a bridge was erected (near where the Pont-Royal now stands) to connect the quarter of the Louvre with this suburb. This appears to have been the only bridge across the undivided stream of the Seine. There were five other bridges which connected the island of La-Cite with the main : the Grand-Pont (now Pont-au-Change), the Petit-Pont, the Pont-des Moulins, connecting La-Cite with the north bank of the river a little below the Pont-au-Change; Pont-Notre-Dame, in a line with the Petit-Pont over the north arm of the Seine; and the PonteSt-Michel, opposite the Pont-au-Change over the southern arm. In the reign of Henri II. the erection of the Hfitel-de-Ville was commenced, but it was not finished till more thau half a century afterwards. The population of Paris in the time of Henri III. is estimated to have been about 200,000. In August 1572 Paris witnessed the terrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which it is said that nearly 5000 persons were killed. In 1533 the Parisians who had embraced the party of the League, barricaded the streets with chains, with the paying-atones torn up for the occasion, and with casks of earth; and mauning the barricades with musqueteers, defeated the troops which Henri Il I. had brought into the city. Henri quitted Paris next day, and the city came into the power of the League. This revolt is known in history as 'the day of the barricades.' Upon the assassination of the Guises at Blois (December, 1588), the Parisians broke out into a fresh revolt. Henri III. advanced to besiege Paris, which was now under the command of the Duke of Ilayenne; but his assassination at St-Cloud (August 20th 1589) arrested his purpose. The siege was formed on the Slat of the following October, by his successor Henri IV. The suburb of St. Germain was plundered ' • but the siege was raised soon afterwards, and the king retired with his army. In the following May (1590) the siege wan renewed, the suburbs were all taken in one night, and the gates strictly blockaded. The effect of this long siege on a population so vast was truly dreadful. The most loathsome articles were con sumed for food; numbers perished, and party of the city were almost reduced to solitude. Henri, moved with compassion, allowed 3000 of the poorer classes to pars out of the place, and repeatedly admitted supplies of provisions to enter. The approach of a Spanish force under the Duke of Parma obliged him to raise the siege (August 30th); and he did not obtain possession of his capital till March 1594.