Next in value to the coal is the Iren-ore, which is abundant all over the state, but the more valuable kinds especially so in the bituminous coal district. of Pittaborg, where it has long been very extensively worked. Nearly half of the iron manufactured in the United States is said to be obtained from Pennsylvania. Copper-ore Is worked In various places of good quality. Rich argentiferous lead-ore is also obtained. Some tine is found. Salt-springs are common all over the region of the bituminous coal. Wherever the earth in this region has been penetrated to any oonaiderable depth, salt water has been found, and them are salt-works on a large scale on the Cooemaugb, an affluent of the Allegheny, and one or two other rivers. Saline and other medicinal spriogs in various places have of late been much morbid to by invalids during the summer season. Marble of beautiful variety and excellent texture, granite, and other excellent building *topes are largely quarried. Slate and limestone abound in some places.
The climate, the joincipal agricultural productions, forest trees, &a, hare been already noticed in describing the sections of the state. The staple cereals are wheat, maize, and oats ; but rye and buckwheat are also largely raised. Of other food crops potatoes are the The culture of tobacco appears to be greatly on the increase. Maple sugar is very ektensively mule. There are very large quantities of horses, cattle, and swine in the state, but their numbers decreased considerably between the censuses of 1840 and 1850. The wagyon-horses of Pennsylvania are of extraordinary size and strength. 'the cattle are generally of a good breed. Sheep are kept in most parts, but the wool is not fine. The wild animals have much diminished. The elk has entirely disappeared, and the deer begins to be scarce. In the northern and leas cultivated districts are
still found the brown bear, the wolf, wild cat, &c.; also squirrels, rabbits, hares, and minxes. Among the birds, the wild turkey is the largest. Several kinds of fish are plentiful in the rivers, as salmon, trout, carp, shad, fic.
Hanafactures, Commerce, ike.—Pennsylvania is one of the chief manufacturing states of the Union. Though the manufactures of cotton, woollen, and linen stuffs are less extensive than those of New York and Massachusetts, those of iron are by far the most extensive in the Union, amounting indeed in value to more than one-third of the whole.
In almost every county there are iron-works, but the chief seats of the manufacture are Pittsburg in the north-west, Lancaster in the south-east, and Armstrong, Chester, Berke, Blair, Columbia, and Luzerue counties. Railway carriages and machinery, steam-engines for the navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi, sugar-mills and machi nery, agricultural implements, tools, chain-cables, stoves, cutlery, &c., are made to a very great extent, Great quantities of common glass are made and sent to other states. The manufactures of paper are perhaps almost equal in value to those of glass. Leather-making is also a considerable branch of industry. The largest tan-yards are at Pittsburg, but they are numerous in the smaller towns in the north west region. There are also manufactures of sail-cloth, ropes, hats, stockings, potash, tobacco, earthenware, china, candles, coaches, &c. The distilleries are on a large scale; but New York alone brews a larger quantity of ale.
Pennsylvania ranks fourth among the states of the Union in respect to foreign commerce. Philadelphia is the only sea-port in the etato