The Campo Santo, or cemetery, constructed iu the 13th century by Giovanni di Tian, is it parallelogram, 430 feet in length, 146 feet wide, with an arcade or cloister running all round the interior, the walla of which are covert s1 with fresco paintings chiefly by Giotto, Urcagna, and Mensmi. The paintings aro for the most part greatly damaged, and some are entirely obliterated. A series of engmviogs of the was published by Rmini in 1816. Several ancient sculptures and other remains of antiquity are deposited in the Campo Santo. Among the tomb. is that of the Countess Beatrice, the mother of Matilda; of Algarotti, Pignotti, and of the celebrated surgeon and professor YMCA, which last is the work of Thorwaldeen.
• Among the other remarkable buildings of Pisa arc—the church of San Stefano, which was founded in 1561 by the grandeluke Como; that of San Frediano, which is rich in paintings; San Nicola, with a handeotne belfry, the work of Nicola Pisatio; San 3lichelo in Borgo contains the monument of Guido Grandi, it celebrated mathematician and contemporary of Newton ; Santa Maria della Spina, a handsome church, with good paintings and sculptures; the palaces of Lanfmuchi and Lanfrednoci ; the Torre della Fame (immortalised) by Dante in hie 'Inferno'), in which Ugolino and his children were starred to death, and now forms part of a structure called Palazzo dell' Orologio, on the Piazza de' Cavalieri ; the university buildings, the library, observatory, and botanical garden; the great hospital; the Loggia, or e11 exchange. • The Certom, or Carthusian convent and church, is in a pleasant situation, about two miles east of Ilea. The vast farm and forest of San Roisore, belonging to the grand-duke, three miles from Pisa, near the sea, is chiefly remarkable for the camels, about eighty in number, the original stock of which were brought to this spot in the time of the Crusades. The mineral bath., called Di San Giuliano, four miles from Pisa, at the foot of a mountain, have been restored on the remains of ancient Thermal, which were frequented in the middle age.' by the countess Matikla. The present buildings are of the last century. In summer the air of Pisa and the neighbouring plain is not considered wholesome, though it is not so deleterious as it once was, owing to improvements in drainage and cultivation. Duriog the winter the
climate of Pisa is extremely mild, though rainy.
The origin of Pisa is unknown. It was on the border between Etruria and the country of the Ligurian, and was probably colonised by the Etruscans when they extended their dominion from the Arno to the blunt. It became muhject to Rome about the middle of the 6th century of Rome, retaining, like most Etruscen towns, its muni cipal firm of government. Livy (xL 43) mentions that a Lntiu colony was seat to Pisa about sac. 179. Nothing more is said concerning Pisa in Roman history. It had bishops at the beginning of the 4th cen tury. Pisa passed successively under the dominion of the various conquerors of Italy, the Goths, the Longobards, and the Carlovingians. Under the last it governed itself as an independent community, with a nominal allegiance to the emperors and their great feudatories the counts or marquises of Tuscany. In A.D. 874 the Pisaus defeated the Saracen pirates, who, after having plundered the Roman coast, landed at San Pietro in Grado, about three miles from Pisa. In 965 Otho I., on his return from Rome, stopped at Pisa, and granted various privi leges to the town. About 1003 the Pisans sent their galleys to the coma of Syria against the Seljuk Turks, who had invaded the country, and who vexed the Christians of Palestine.
In the following year began the long struggle between the Pisans and Muscet, the Moorish king of Sardinia, which ended in the final conquest of that island by the united Pisans and Genoese, iu the year 1022. At this period Pisa was a republic, having its annual consuls, About 1050 the Pisaus eubjected the island of Corsica, and in 1089 or 1091, Pope Urban II. made a grant to them of the whole island as a fief of the Apostolic See. In 1063 they sailed to Palermo, cut the Saracen fleet out of the harbour, and carried away a rich booty, part of which cuss employed in building their splendid cathedral. About tho year 1070 began the wars between Geuos, and Pisa, which con tinued, with various interruptions, for more than two centuries, and ended iu the downfal of Pisa. In 1088, the two states having made peace, joined their fleets, and sailing to the coast of Barbary, took the town of Mahadialt, then the capital of a considerable Saracen state, and obliged the king to release all his Christian slaves.