domestic animals the numbers stated a few years ago were—horses, 1,500,000; horned-cattle (bulls, cows, oxen, and calves), 4,003,912; sheep, 16,344,018, namely, 1,119,950 merinos, 7,846,752 of an improved breed, and 4,377,316 common sheep ; swine, 2,000,000, bred in Pomerania, Saxony, the provinces of the Rhine, and above all in Westphalia, the hams of which country have long been celebrated. ()oats are bred only in the mountainous parts of Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia. There are likewise asses and mules.
• Of wild four-footed animals there are stags, fallow-deer, wild boars, hares and rabbits, wolves, foxes, bears rarely, lynxes, beavers, badgers, • pole-cats, otters, weasels, and martens; the ermine is very rare.
Domeatio poultry of all kinds abounds ; and of wild-fowl, betides ; pheasants and partridges, there are such immense numbers of wild geese as frequently to do great injury to the farmers. Smoked geese are an important article of exportation from Pomerania. Of birds of prey, there are the eagle, the eparrow-hawk, the kite, and some others. Fish of various kinds are extremely abundant, as well iu the numerous rivers as in the Baltic. In all the provinces where there are heaths, buckwheat, and lime-trees, great quantities of bees are bred.
Agriculture is carried on with great care in most of the provinces. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley are raised both for home consumption and exportation; there are likewise peas, beans, vetches, millet, maize, rapeseed, and linseed. Potatoes are cultivated in all the provinces. Flax, hemp, hops, tobacco, chicory, beet-root, and garden vegetables of all kinds are raised. Fruit is grown extensively in Pomerania, Saxony, and Rhenish Prussia : the chief, indeed almost the only wine-growing province is Rhenish Prussia. The principal forests are in Prussia proper and Silesia; but some provinces, for instance part of Saxony, have not sufficient. The mineral products are salt from salt springs, of excellent quality and in great abundance, amber, and coals in large quantities; slam, vitriol, saltpetre, alabaster, Casalt, granite, porphyry, marble, slate, freestone, chalk, lime, porcelain-clay, pipe-clay, &c. The metallic products are silver, copper, lead, iron, zinc, cobalt, arsenic, and calamine. The precious atones are the onyx, agate, jasper, and carnelian.
If anufactures.—The principal manufactures are :—linen in all the provinces, but chiefly in Silesia; woollen cloths and cotton goods, especially in the province of the Rhine, at Elberfeld, Barmen, Crefeld, &c.; silk, leather, iron- and copper-ware, cutlery, articles of gold and
silver, chicory, paper, china, glass, earthenware, snuff and tobacco, beet-root sugar, gunpowder, &c.; breweries and spirit distilleries are very numerous. Cotton factories with steam machinery have risen in considerable numbers in recent years in Rhenish Prussia, Westphalia, and Silesia.
Commerce.—The commerce of Prussia is facilitated by the Baltic, which including the windings of its coast extends along the north of Prussia for more than 350 miles ; by the great navigable rivers before mentioned, and their navigable tributary streams; by numerous canals; and by the system of railroads which traverses the country in all direc tions. The commerce of Prussia extends to almost all the states of Europe, to America, and China; but its chief commerce is with Austria and the other states of Germany, with England, Russia, Sweden, Den mark, and the Netherlands. The principal articles of export are the chief natural and industrial products already enumerated. The principal articles imported are :—raw and refined sugar, coffee, tea, apices, cotton, silk, tobacco, hops, tin, saltpetre, dye-stuff, wine, glass, and various manufactures, chiefly printed calicoes, silks, and fine hardware. In 1831 the celebrated German commercial league commenced, under the auspices of Prussia, and has been since gradually joined by almost all the German states except Austria. The object of this league (or, as it is called in German, ZaiVerein, is to blish an entire freedom of trade among the German states, and to subject foreign trade to such restrictions only as the protection of national manufactures or the financial circumstances of the state may render necessary. The chief harbours of Prussia are :—Memel, Pillau, Danzig, Kammin, Schweinemiinde, Peenemunde, Oreifswald, Stralsund, and Barth. The foreign trade of Plantaia out of the Baltic is greatly hampered by the Sound dues. Danzig and Memel export large quantities of Russian corn and other heavy produce. The most considerable commercial towns are :—Berlin Danzig, Breslau, Stettin, Magdeburg, Cologne, Elberfeld, Barmen, and Aix la-Chapelle. The great fairs are those of Breslau, Frankfurteon-the Oder, and Magdeburg.