Pyrometer
Pyrometer (literally " Fire-meaaurer " From Tip, "fire," And P‘rpos," A Measure "). No Fluid Has Hitherto Been Found Applicable To The Construction Of Thermometers Capable Of Indicating Higher Tempe Rature; Than That Of Boiling Mercury (about 660° Fahr.). The Term Pyrometer Was First Employed By Muschenbreek To Desigoate An ...
Pythian Games
Pythian Games (pythia, Or Pythici Ludi), One Of The Four Great National Festivals Of The Greeks, Were Celebrated Near Delphi, In Honour Of Apollo, Originally Every Ninth Year, And Afterwards Every Fifth Year, Iu The Autumn Of The Third Year Of Each Olympiad, In The Second Or Third Month Of ...
Q Antistiiis Labfo
Q. Antistiiis Labfo, The Son, Was A Pupil Of C. Trebatius; But Contrary To The Practice Of That Time, Instead Of Devoting Himself Exclu Sively To One Master, He Attended Several. He Lived In The Time Of Augustus. Labeo Was Distinguished For His Knowledge Of Roman Law And Roman Usages. ...
Quadrant
Quadrant. As An Astronomical Instrument, The Quadrant Has Within A Few Years Been So Completely Superseded By The Entire Circle, That It Will Not Be Worth While To Describe Particularly Its Construction Or Adjustments. Still So Much Of The Very Groundwork Of Modern Astronomy Depends On Data Furnished By The ...
Quadrature Of The Circle
Quadrature Of The Circle. Tho Speculative Part Of This Question Might Be Passed Over With A Slight Description Of The Means Of Finding A Square Equal To A Given Circle, Or Of Expressing A Circle By Means Of The Square On Its Radius, If It Were Not That It Is ...
Quakers
Quakers, The Name First Given "in Scorn," And Since Habitually, To The Sect Of Christians Who Call Themselves The "society, Of Friends." [fox, Gy.oroe, In Bzoo. Dry] Origin.—the Founder, Or Rather The First Member Of This Society Was George Fox, Who Towards The Middle Of The 17th Century, After Long ...
Quantity
Quantity. There Is Little Here To Add To What Has Been Said In The Article 31a0nituve, So Far As The Mathematical Notion Is Concerned. The Quantity Of Anything Is The Answer To Quantize I (how Much I ) And The Considerations Under Ratio Are Necessary To The Precise Answer. Mr. ...
Quarantine
Quarantine. Quarantine Regulations Are Regulations Chiefly Of A Restrictive Nature, For The Purpose Of Preventing The Communication From One Country To Another Of Contagious Diseases, By Means Of Men, Animals, Goods, Or Letters. The Origin Of The Tarn Quarantine (which Originally Signified A Period Of Forty Days During Which A ...
Quarry
Quarry And Quarrying. A Quarry Is An Excavation In The Ground, From Whence Are Extracted Marble, Stone, Or Chalk, For The Purposes Chiefly Of Sculpture, Building, And Civil Engineering. The Name Appears To Have Been Applied To Such Excavations From The Circumstance That The Materials Obtained From Them Are There ...
Quassia
Quassia. The Wood Of Two Different Trees Is Known In Commerce By This Name : One, Formerly Very Common, But Now Extremely Rare, Is Obtained From The Quassia Amara (linn., F. Supp. 235, And Woody., T. 77), A Native Of Surinam, Guayana, Eze.; The Other, Piertrua Excelsa, Lindley (quassia Excdsa, ...
Quebec
Quebec, The Capital City Of Canada East, Is Situated On The River St. Lawrence, About 400 Miles From Its Mouth, In 46° 99' N. 1st., 71° 12' W. Long. The Population In 1851 Was 42,052. Quebec Is Alternately With Toronto The Seat Of Government And Of The Legislature For The ...
Queen
Queen, From The Saxon Cjten, Used To Denote Rtulier, Famine, Conjux, As Well As The Most Distinguished Of Women And Wives, To Whom Now It Is Only Appropriated. The Other Use Of It, As Betokening A Sovereign Princess Who Has Succeeded To The Kingly Power, Is An Application Of It ...
Queens County
Queen's County, Province Of Leinster, Ireland, Is Bounded N. By King's County; E. By The County Of Kildare, A Detached Portion Of King's County, And The County Of Carlow; S. By The County Of Kil Kenny; And W. By Tipperary And King's County. It Lies Between 52° 45' And 53° ...
Quercus Pedunculata
Quercus Pedunculata (willd.) The Bark Of This Species, The True British Oak, Is Used In Medicine. Its Appearance Varies With The Age Of The Bark, As Well As Of The Tree From Which It Is Obtained. Its Excellence Is Determined By The Period Of The Year When The Tree Has ...
Questor
Qu..estor (from Totem : "qui Con(juireret Puldieas Pecunias Et Maleftela," 'varro, 'de Ling. Lat.,' Iv. 14) Is A Name Which Was Common To Two Distinct Classes Of Officers At Rome, Who Were Only Distinguished From Each Other By Different Attributes : The Name Of One Class Was Quastores Parricidii ; ...
Quicksands
Quicksands Are Those Masses Of Loose Or Moving Sand Which Are Formed On Many Sea-coasta And Generally At The Mouths Of Rivers : Those Of The Nile And Senegal Are Among The Most Remarkable For These Accumulations. The Sands Are Generally Conveyed By The Rivers From The Interior Of The ...
Quintus Ennius
E'nnius, Quintus, The Old Epic Poet Of Rome, Was Born At Rudim, Now Ruge, In Calabria, In The Year B.c. 239, Two Years After The Termination Of The First Punic War. He Was A Greek By Birth, And Is One Among Many Instances How Much Roman Literature Was Indebted Even ...
Quintus Horatius Flaccus
Hora!tius Flaccus, Quintus, Was Born At Venusia, Or V0011811103, December 8, N.c. 65, During The Consulship Of L. Aurelius Cotta And L. Manlius Torquatus C' Iii. 21, 1; Epod.; Xiii. 6). His Father, Who Was A Libertinus, Or Freedman, Had Gained Consider Able Property As A ' Cc/actor,' Or Servant ...
Quintus Hortensius
Horte'nsius, Quintus, Born B.c. 114 Of An Equestrian Roman Family, Began To Plead At A Very Early Age, And He Had Already Attained A Great Reputation In His Profession When Cicero Made His Appearance In The Forum. From That Time Cicero And Hortensiva Were Considered As Professional Rivals, But They ...
Quo Warranto
Quo Warranto. A Writ In The Nature Of A Writ Of Right For The Crown, Which Lies Against Any Person Or Corporation That Has Usurped Or Unjustly Claims Any Public Office Or Other Franchise Or Liberty, Or That, Haring Originally Had A Grant Of One, Hiss Forfeited It By Abuse ...
Radiation Of Heat
Radiation Of Heat Is A Motion Of Its Particles In Rectilinear Directions, Diverging Every Way From A Heated Body, Either Luminous Or Not ; And It Is Imagined To Arise From The Existence Of A Strongly Repul Sive Power By Which The Particles Are Made To Recede From Each Other ...
Radish
Radish. Of This Vegetable There Are Several Sorts. The Scarlet Or Salmon-coloured, And The Radix Rose Demi-longue, Are The Best For Early Sowing; The Latter Variety Is Very Tender And Of A Fine Bright Colour. The Purple, Another Early Long-rooted Variety, Is Sometimes Sold Under The Name Of Salad Radish, ...
Radnorshire
Radnorshire, A County Of South Wales, Lying Between 2' And 52° 33' N. Lat., 2° 57' And 3° 45' W. Long., Is Bounded N. By Mont Gomeryshire, E. By Shropshire And Herefordshire, S. By Brecknock Shire, And W. By Brecknockshire And Cardiganshire. Its Greatest Length From East To West Is ...
Ragged And Industrial Schools
Ragged And Industrial Schools; Refuges For Destitute Children. Efforts To Instruct Ignorant And Neg Lected Children Are Not Peculiar To The Present Time, Although Such . Efforts Have Been Of Late Years More Systematic And Sustained Than Formerly. The Sunday Schools Now So Numerous In This Country Com Menced With ...
Rags
Rags. Until Some Better And Cheaper Material Can Be Discovered, Linen And Cotton Rags Will Continue To Be The Staple Of The Paper As Described In The Article Under That Name, And Will Continue To Be An Object Of Great Solicitude To Governments And Manu Facturers. Linen Rags Are Imported ...
Railway
Railway. A Road In Which Smooth Tracks Of Wood, Iron, Stone, Or Other Suitable Materials Are Introduced For The Purpose Of Obviating The Friction Of The Wheels Of The Carriages To A Greater Extent Than Can Be Done On Common Roads. Railways Are Thus Of Various Kinds, And They Have ...
Rain
Rain. The Ancients Appear To Have Been Very Imperfectly Ac Quainted With The Constitution Of The Atmosphere; And Descartes Was Probably The First Who, Iu Attempting To Refer Meteorological Phenomena To Their Causes, Approached Near The Hypotheses Now Generally Received ; For He Ascribes The Formation Of Clouds, Snow, Rain, ...
Rain Gauge
Rain-gauge, A Vessel For Measuring The Quantity Of Rain Which Falls On Any Particular Part Of The Earth's Surface, The Quantity Being Indicated By The Depth Of The Precipitated Water Which Would Cover The Ground About The Spot, Supposing The Ground To Be Horizontal And That The Water Could Neither ...
Rainbow
Rainbow, A Circular Arch Of Variously Coloured Light Which Is Visible In The Heavens When The Sun Or Moon Is Shining, And When, At The Same Time, A Shower Of Rain Is Falling On The Opposite Side Of The Spectator. When The Rain Is Abundant, A Second Bow Is Commonly ...
Raisins
Raisins. The Dried Fruits Of Several Varieties Of The Vine Are Called Raisins, A Term Derived From The French: Raisin In That Language Being A General Name For Grapes, The Dried Fruit Being Distinguished As Raisins Sea Ou Pass& Raisins Are Named After The Countries Where They Are Produced, Or ...
Ralph Cudworth
Cudworth, Ralph, Was Born At Aller, In Samersetshire, In 1617. Having Been Entered At Emmanuel College, Cambridge, In 1630, When He Was But Thirteen, He Commenced Residence In 1632, And Became In Due Course Of Time, As His Father Had Been Before Him, A Fellow Of Emmanuel. He Acted For ...
Ramadhan
Ramadha'n, The Ninth Month In The Arabian Calendar, And A Sort Of Lent Observed By Tho Mohannnedans, In Obedience To The Express Command Of The Koran. During This Month Every Good Moslem Is Bound To Fast From The First Appearance Of Daybreak Until Sunset. He Must Abstain From Eating, Drinking, ...
Rampart
Rampart, Probably From Ripa, An Embankment, From Which Is Derived The Italian Word "riparo,' And Thefrench Word "rempart," Is, In Modern Fortification, A Mass Of Earth Often Nearly 80 Feet Thick, Surrounding A Town Or A ;military Position, Or Constituting The Faces Of An Outwork, And Supporting The Parapet ; ...
Ramsgate
Ramsgate, Keut, A Market-town, Sea-poit, And Watering-place In The Parish Of Ramsgate, Is Situated At The South-east Corner Of The Isle Of Thanet, In 51' 21' N. Let., L' 24' E. Long., Distant 17 Miles E.n.e. From Canterbury, 73 Miles E. By S. From London By Road, And 97 Miles ...
Rangoon
Rangoon, Formerly The Most Commercial Port Of The Birman Empire, Is Situated In 16° 47' N. Lat., 96' 18' E. Long., On The Left Batik Of The Most Eastern Branch Of The River Irawaddy, About Twenty-six Miles From The Sea. About Two Miles Below The Town The River Divides Into ...
Rani Des Vaches
Rani Des Vaches (‘ Kuhreihen' In German) Is The Name Of Certain Simple Melodies Which Are Great Favourites With The Moun Taineers Of The Alps Of Switzerland, And Which Are Commonly Played Upon A Kind Of Long Trumpet Called The Alp-horn. The Sounds Of These Tunes, As Well As The ...
Ransom
Ransom, A Word Common To The French (rancon) And English Languages, The Sense Of Which Is A Sum Of Money Paid For The Redemp Hon Of A Captive. The Paying Of Ransoms Is An Event Of Frequent Occerrence In The Middle-age History, And Indeed May Be Traced In The History ...
Rarefaction
Rarefaction Is An Augmentation Of The Intervals Between The Particles Of Aeriform Fluids, So That The Same Number Of Particles Are Made To Occupy A Volume Greater Than That Under Which They Were Previously Contained. The Term Is Used In Opposition To Condensa Tion, And In The Same Sense As ...
Raspberry
, Raspberry. The Species From Which The Cultivated Varieties Of This Fruit Have Been Derived Is The Rubus Ideeus, A Native Of Britain And Also Of Various Other Parts Of Europe. The Wide Dispersion Of The Species Is Easily Accounted For From The Fact Of Its Seeds Resisting The Powers ...
Rassova
Rassova, A Small Town In Bulgaria, Situated On The Right Bank Of The Lower Danube, At The Point Where The River Makes Its Great Bend To The Northward, About 30 Miles E.n.e. From Silistria. It Is Of Importance From Its Position At The Western End Of The Line Of Earth ...
Rate
Rate, An Assessment Levied Upon Property. Rates Are Of Various Kinds, And Are Denominated With Reference To The Objects To Which They Are Applied. Church-rates Are Payable By The Parishioners And Occupiers Of The Land Within A Parish, For The Purpose Of Repairing, Maintaining, And Restoring The Body Of The ...
Ratiidown
Ratiidown, A Poor-law Union In Ireland, Extends Overethe Barony Of Rathdown In The County Of Wicklow, And Part Of The Baronies Of Rathdown, Dublin, And Uppercross In The County Of Dublin. It Comprises Il Electoral Divisions, With An Area Of 61,514 Acres, And A Population In 1851 Of 48,140. The ...
Ratio
Ratio. One Of The Most Frequent Mathematical Terms Has No Other Name In Our Language Than A Latin Word Which Is But A Bad Translation From The Greek Of Euclid. The Older English Writers Introduced The Word Reason, As A Translation Of Ratio, Which Completed The Confusion ; For It ...
Rational And Inteoilal Functions
Rational And Inteoilal Functions (notation And Nomenclature Of).—a Rational And Integral Homogeneous Function, Such As The Function 26.ry Is Denoted By (*) (x, Where The Coefficients Are Only Indicated By The Asterisk, But Are Not Expressed. A Non-homogeneous Rational And Integral Function Is Con Sidered As Derived From A Homogeneous ...
Rationalism
Rationalism Is A System Of Theology, Which System I Egan To Be Developed In Germany During The Latter Half Of The Last Century. It Arose In A Great Degree As A Re-action Against The Principle S And The Method Of Biblical Criticism Promulgated By Voltaire, Volney, And The French Encyclopaedists. ...