In the interior of Sennaar, south of 14' 30' N. lab, are the Bukarah Arabs, who have maintained their Independence. On the western banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad Is the Beduin tribe of Hueaniyeh, which extends southward nearly to 13' 30' N. let. They are generally fine men, shade lighter than those of Sennear, and the females arc not so dark as the males. South of the Iluraniyeh Arabs are the Shillfika. The few individuals of this nation who have been seen by Europeans were clumsily formed, their legs being too short for the size of the trunk. The heads of some were shaved; the hair of those unshorn was curled and woolly. Their countenances are harsh and savage; their cheek-bones high, and noses narrow near the root, but broad and flattened towards the nostrils. The incisor teeth of the lower jaw had been extracted. The only weapons they had were sticks, shields, and spears of a rude construction. They speak a language different from that of their neighbours. They wear no covering, and worship the sun and moon. Opposite the Shillas, on the eastern banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad, live the Denka, who were originally the same nation, but they are now quite distinct, and constantly at war. The principal wealth of both nations consists of cattle.
The peninsula of Atbara is the residence of two powerful tribes, the Bisharies, or Bishareen, and the Shukerieh. The former occupy the northern portion of the country. [BISHAREEN; Neste.) The Shu kerieh are handsome men, with fine countenances, tall, and not black.
They are proud, but more polished and less debauched than the Bish aries. They do not speak Arabic. Though these two tribes derive their subsistence chiefly from the produce of their herds of camels, cattle, sheep, and goats, they repair to the banks of the Atbara imme diately after the inundation to sow dhurra, and remain there till the harvest is gathered in. During the hottest part of the summer, when the grass is dried up in the desert, they again descend to feed their cattle on the herbage on the borders of the stream.
Government.—The pasha of Egypt maintains a regiment of infantry and two regiments of cavalry in 13e16d-es-Sticlan, and governs the pro vince by a sandjar, who resides in the town of Kbartfim. But only a small portion of the country is immediately subject to the governor, nearly the whole being subordinately under the authority of native sheiks.
TOVITUt. —The most populous place at present is Khartam, situated at the confluence of the two great branches of the Nile. It has become a place of importance, in consequence of having been made the resi dence of the governor. The houses are built partly of min-dried bricks and partly of dhurra-stalke The former capital was Sennaar, which was destroyed when the Egyptians occupied the country In 1322, and in 1329 it consisted of a heap of ruins, except a few houses which were inhabited by some merchants. The town was afterwards rebuilt, and the inhabitants resumed their manufacturing industry. Among the manufactures are mats with beautiful devices made of split doum leaves, and dyed of various colours, conical straw-covers for plates in elegant patterns, silver-stands for coffee-cure in filagree, warlike weapons, as spears, knives, &c., and amulets, which are worn for security from every kind of disease and casualty. There is a well furnished bazaar. 1Vady-Medirsah and it issalemidt, between Sennaar
and 1Chartfim, carry on some commerce with the adjacent country. At Monkdrah, on the Bahr-el-Abiad, are the dockyards in which boats are built for the pasha of Egypt, but it contains no inhabitants except the workmen employed in their construction. In the interior and within the mountain-region of Jebel Fungi is the town of Gala, which is said to be equal In size to Seminar, and to be noted far its iron-ware.
Manufacturee—That branch of industry in which the Sennaarese are most distinguished is leather, which is of the best quality, and much superior to that made in Egypt or Syria. This leather is worked into different articles, which have an extensive sale in the valley of the Nile and in Arabia. The most important of these articles are camel-saddles, sandals, and leathern-sacks. Where dates grow cords and ropes are made of the fibrous interior bark of the palm date-tree, and in some places of reeds. The shields made of the skins of the rhinoceros and giraffe are used all along the Nile and across the mountains as far as Cosseir and Kenneh in Upper Egypt. Cotton cloth is made by the women for domestic use, but it constitutes also • considerable article of trade in Northern Africa, under the namo of clamour. The workers in gold, silver, and iron are very skilful, and execute their work neatly with very simple tools. Pottery is made to a considerable extent in Sennaar. In some places coloured straw-hats are made with great neatness, and they are sent to different countries in the neighbourhood.
Commerce.—Tho province of Beldtl-es-Sridan is the seat of an exten sive commerce. Its commercial relations with the interior of Africa extend as far as Begharmi. The caravans which depart from these places go as far as Cairo. Numerous pilgrims from the interior of Africa pass through Shendy and Sennaar on their road to Suakim on the Rod Sea, and by the same way many products of the country and of the interior of Africa are sent to the coasts of Arabia, where they are partly exchanged for the goods brought from Hindustan and tho Indian Archipelago, while European goods reach Abyssinia and the eastern countries of Sudan by the way of Egypt. Two caravan-routee lead to the port of Suakim on the Red Sea; one from Seminar and the other from Shendy. There is a much frequented caravan-road from Shendy to Cairo, which for a considerable space follows the course of the Nile. At the village of Daraou, about 10 miles N. from Areouan, on the east bank of the river, the caravan-road terminates, and the goods are embarked in boats to be conveyed to Cairo and other places of Egypt. The common route between Shandy and Sennaar lies along the banks of the Nile and the Bahr-el-Azrek, but there is a shorter road through the desert, which runs nearly due south from Shendy to Abouharras at the confluence of the Bahr-el-Aeruk with the Itahad. Two caravan-roads lead from Sennaar to El-Obeld hi Kordofan. From El-Obeid the route passes westward to El-Tusher, the preeent capital of Dar-Fur, and thence to Kobbe and Kubkablyah. The common commercial road from Sennaar to Gondar in Abyssinia runs in an east-sonth-eastern direction to Ras-el-Fil, where the mer chants of both countries meet and exchange their goods.