South Shields
Shields, South, Durham, A Market-town, Seaport, Municipal And Parliamentary Borough, And The Seat Of A Poor-law Union, In The Pariah Of Jarrow, Is Situated On The Right Bank And At The Mouth Of The River Tyne, In 53' N. Lat., 1° 26' W. Long., Distant 20 Miles N.n.e. From Durham, ...
Southampton
Southampton, Hampshire, It Town, A Municipal And Parlia Mentary Borough, A Seaport, And A County Of Itself, Is Situated On A Peninsula Between The Rivers Alre, Or Itehin, On The East, And The Teat, Or Anton, On The West, At The Head Of Southampton Water, In 50' 54' N. Let, ...
Southwell
Southwell, Nottioghamahire, A Market-town And The Seat Of A Poor-law Union, In The Parish Of Southwell, Is Pleasantly Situated In 53' 5' N. Lat., 0° 58' W. Long, Distant About 15 Miles N.e. From Not Tingham, And 132 Miles N.n.w. From London By Road. The Popu Lation Of The Town ...
Sovereignty
Sovereignty. Supranus Is A Low Latin Word, Formed From Supra, Liko Subtranua, Another Low Latin Word, Formed From Aubtra. (ducange In V.v.) Theso Words, However, Though They Do Not Belong To Classical Latinity, Are Formed According To The Same Analogy As The Classical Word Supernus From Super. From Supranus Have ...
Sowing And Sowing Machines
Sowing And Sowing-machines. The Sowing Of The Seed Has Always Been Looked Upon As One Of The Most Important Operations Of Husbandry. Much Of The Success Of The Future Crops Depends On The Time And The Mode In Which The Seed Is Committed To The Earth. After The Land Has ...
Space And Time
Space And Time (mathematics). We Do Not Here Propose To Enter Into Any Discussion Of The Doctrines Of Psychologists As To The Idea Of Space, Or As To Whether It Be Innate Or Acquired. Space And Time Are Essential To Thought, And Are, Come By The Notions How We May, ...
Spain
Spain (espana In Spanish), A Kingdom Of Europe, Occupying The Poster Part Of That Peninsula Which Is Divided From France By The Mountain Range Of The Pyrenees. It Is Sometimes Called The Spanish Peninsula, Or Briefly The Peninsula. It Is Situated Between 86° And 43° 46' N. Lat., 3° 20' ...
Spalding
Spalding, Lincolnehiro, A Market-town, And The Seat Of • Poor Law Union, In The Parish Of Spalding, Is Situated On The Banks Of The River Welland, In 52' 45' N. 1st., 0° 9' W. Long., Distant 43 Miles 9.s.e. From Lincoln, 99 Mile. N.n.w. From London By Road, And 93 ...
Sparta
Sparta, Or, As It Wee :sometimes Called, Laccilmnon, The Capital Of Laconia, And The Chief City Of Peloponnesus, Was Situated On The Right Bank Of The Eurotas, About 20 Miles From The Sea, In 37° 4' N. Lat., 22' 26' E. Long. It Was Built In A Plain Of Some ...
Spasm
Spasm (from The Creek Erratra6s) Is An Unhealthy, Involuntary, And Forcible Contraction Of Muscular Tissue. The Term Is Almost Syno Nymous With Convulsion, But Is More Generally Applied Than That Word Is To The Unhealthy Painful Contractions Of The Heart, Intestines, And Other Involuntary Muscles. Nosologists Have Distinguished Spasms Into ...
Speaking Machine
Speaking-machine. Krious Attempts Have Been Made To Imitate The Human Voice By Means Of A Machine. In Ina, The Imperial Academy Of St. Petersburg Proposed, As One Of Their Prize Questions, An Inquiry Into The Nature Of The Vowel Sounds, And The Construction Of An Instrument For Imitating Them. The ...
Speaking Trumpet
Speaking Trumpet. The Efficiency Of This Instrument Is Due To The Repeated Reflection Of The Sound From Bide To Side In Passing Through It, And Its Ultimate Reflection From The Mouth Of The Trumpet, In Such A Way As Either To Collect The Rays Of Sound Into A Focus At ...
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity, Or, More Properly, Specific Weight, Is A Term Used To Express The Weight Of Any Gas, Liquid, Or Solid, Under Some Given Volume ; But The Unit Of Weight And Unit Of Volume Are Usually Such, That For Some One Particular Substance The Weight Of The Unit Of ...
Specific Heat
Specific Heat. If 1 Lb. Of Water And 1 Lb. Of Oil Be Transferred From A Temperature Of 40° To One Of 70°, The Oil Will Indicate 70° Much Quicker Than The Water, Requiring In Fact Less Heat To Reach The Same And Contained In The Other, So As To ...
Spectacles
Spectacles Are Lenses So Mounted In Frames As To Be Conveniently Held Before The Eyes To Assist Defective Vision. The Eyes Of A Person Whose Sight Is Much Tried Often Receive Injury From Delay In The Use Of Spectacles; While The Sight Of Many Persons Is Prematurely Worn Out By ...
Spectrum
Spectrum (in Optics) Is The Name Applied To The Coloured Image Of The Sun, Or A Narrow Luminous Object, When The Light Proceeding From It Is Transmitted Through A Prism, And Either Allowed To Fall On A Screen At Some Distance, Or Received Directly Into The Eye. [duna Hoar.] A ...
Speculum
Spe'culum, A Name Frequently Given To A Mirror Used For Any Scientific Purpose, As In A Reflecting Telescope. For The Astronomical Bearings Of The Speculum We Refer To Telescope, But We Here Give The First Part Of The Simpler Mathematical Description Of A Pencil Of Nirror, To Which We Proceed, ...
Spermaceti Or Cetaceum
Spermaceti; Or Cetaceum, A Fatty Material, Obtained From The Physeter Macrocephalus, (catodons Macrocephalus Of Beale) [cetacea, In Nat. Hist. Div.], A Species Of Whale, Generally Met With In The South Seas, But Also On The Coast Of Greenland, And Occasionally Stranded On The Coasts Of Britain. When Purified It Is ...
Spherical Triangle Spherical Trigonometry
Spherical Trigonometry, Spherical Triangle, Spherics. We Shall Confine Ourselves In The Present Article To Such A Collection Of The Properties Of A Spherical Triangle As May Be Useful For Reference, Referring For Demonstration To The Treatise Ou The Subject In The Library Of Useful Knowledge,' And To That On Geometry ...
Sphinx
Sphinx. The Name Applied In Glyptic Art To The Combinations Of Lions Bodies With Other Forms ; That With A Human Head Being Called Androsphinx, With A Ram's Criosphinx, And With A Hawk's Itiemeosphinx. They Appear To Have Been Derived From Egypt, Where They Were Sculptured As Symbolical Representations Of ...
Spigelia
Spigelia Maitylandica, Carolina Pink, Perennial Worm-grass, Or Worm-seed; A Perennial Herbaceous Plant, Native Of The Southern States Of The American Union. It Is From Six Inches To Two Feet High, Leaves Opposite, Sessile, Ovate, And Acuminate. The Root Has A Short Caudex, From Which Issue Numerous Fibres ; All Which ...
Spiieiioorapii
Spiieiioorapii, An Instrument Invented Iu 1856, For Facilitating The Practical Use Of Spherics In Navigation, &c., Being A Contrivance For Constructing, Without Dividers Or Scales, Any Possible Spheric Triangle, And Reading Off The Measures Of The Parts Required; Thus In Nios Cases Saving Much Time And Labour. The Degree Of ...
Spinach
Spinach. One Of The Species Of This Genus, The S. Oleracea, The Common Spinach, Is Well Known On Account Of Its Use In The Kitchen. It Has An Herbaceous Stem One Or Two Feet High, Branched, And Hollow ; Arrow-shaped Leaves ; Male Flowers In Long Spikes, Abounding With Pollen ...
Spinal Irritation
Spinal Irritation. This Term Has Been Applied To Those Functional Disorders Of The Spinal Cord And Its Nerves, Which Do Not Readily Fall Under The Definitions Of Diseases Of The Same Organs Having More Precise Symptoms. Under The Heads Tetanus, Chorea, Hys Teria, Neuralgia, Hydrophobia, And Paralysis, Will Be Found ...
Spinning
Spinning. There Are Two Entirely Distinct Manufacturing Opera Tions To Which This Name Is Given—the One Relating To Animal And Vegetable Fibres, And The Other To Certain Soft Metals. Fibre Spinning.—this Kind Of Spinning Consists In Forming A Flexible Cylinder Of Greater Or Less Diameter, And Of Indeterminate Length, Out ...
Spiral
Spiral, A Name Belonging Properly To Curves Which Wind Round A Point In Successive Convolutions. The Easiest Mode Of Representing Such Curves Algebraically Is By Means Of Polar Coordinates : Hence, In Many Of The Older English Works, Any Curve Referred To Such Coordi Nates Is Said To Be Considered ...
Spire
Spire (in German, Spitx, Or Therm-pinta ; Iu French, Fkche), In Gothic Architecture, Is Used To Designate The Tapering Pyramidal Mass Erected On A Tower By Way Of Finish And Ornament. The Origin Of The Spire, Like That Of The Pointed Arch, Is Merely Matter Of Conjecture. The Probability Is ...
Spirit Level
Spirit-level, A Tube Of Glass Nearly Filled With Spirit Of Wine Or Distilled Water, And Hermetically Sealed At Both Ends, So That When Held With Its Axis In A Horizontal Position, The Air Which Occupies A Part Not Filled With The Spirit Or Water Places Itself Contiguously To The Upper ...
Spitzbergen
Spitzbergen, A Group Of Islands Situated Nearer To The Arctic Pole Than Any Other Country On The Globe. It Lies Between 76* 30' And 80° 30' N. Let., 9° And 22° E. Long., Between The Greenland Sea On The West, And Spitzbergen Sea, Which Separates It From Nova Zembla, On ...
Splint
Splint Is A Piece Of Wood Or Other Rigid Substance Which Is Used In Surgery To Maintain Any Part Of The Body In A Fixed Position, And Especially For The Purpose Of Holding Steadily Together The Portions Of A Fractured Bone. Splints Vary Almost Infinitely In Form And Size, According ...
Spoleto
Spo'leto, A Province Of The States Of The Church, Consists Of The Valley Of The Nera, One Of The Principal Effluents Of The Tiber, Of The Valley Of The Maroggia, Another Affluent Of The Tiber, And Of Several Ridges Of Highlands Between Them. This Country Is Part Of The Ancient ...
Spring
Spring, In Mechanics, Is An Elastic Plate Or Rod, Which Is Em Ployed As A Moving-power, Or A Regulator Of The Motions Of Wheel Work ; Also To Ascertain The Weights Of Bodies, Or To Diminish The Effects Of Concussion. The Elder Bernoulli Was The First Whose Attention Was Directed ...
Spring Carriage
Spring Carriage. The Progress Of A Wheel-carriage, Even Upon The Best Of Roads, Is Impeded By The Wheels Coming In Contact With, And Being Compelled To Rise Over, Undulations Of Surface Which Check Their Rolling Motion. In Many Old Rough Pavements, Owing To The Openness Of The Joints, And The ...
Spring Winter
Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn. The Astronomical Meaning Of These Words Is Derived From The Considerations In Seasons, And We Are Told And Taught That Winter Begins At The Winter Solstice, Spring At The Vernal Equinox, Summer At The Summer Solstice, And Autumn At The Autumnal Equinox. That Is, According To ...
Springs
Springs. Rain And Snow Fall In Quantities So Unequal In Different Districts, And On Soils Which Exercise Upon Them Such Various Influ Ences, That The Phenomena Of Springs, Which Are Primarily Dependent On The Penetration To Some Depth In The Earth Of Water Which Was Absorbed At The Surface, Are ...
Square
Square. We Believe That The Old English Meaning Of This Word Had Reference Only To The Corners Of A Figure, Or At Most To Right-angled Corners. The Old Word For Any Oblong, Or Rectangle, Is A Four-square Figure ; The Carpenter's Rule For Drawing A Right Angle Is Called A ...
Square Root
Square Root, The Name Given To A Number With Reference To Its Square. Thus, 49 Being The Square Of 7, 7 Is The Square Root Of 49. When An Integer Has No Integer Square Root, It Has No Square Root At All In Finite Terms : Thus 2 Has No ...
Squinting
Squinting (strabismus). It Is A Condition Essential To Correct Vision That The Axes Of Both Eyes Correspond In Direction, And Be Turned Simultaneously Towards The Object We Regard. Now To Ensure The Fulfilment Of This Condition, The Orbital Muscles (motores Oeulorum) Are So Supplied With Nervous Influence, That We Cannot ...
Ssg J R
Ssg. J. R. Hind. Natural Versed Sines .. Used In Computing Lunar Distances For The Nautical Almanac.' This Table Gives Natural And Logarithmic Versed Sines To Seven Decimals : Natural, 0(10") 125°, With The Proportional Parts For Each Second ; Logarithmic, Oh (1') With The Values Of The Angles In ...
St Cyprianus
Cyprianus, St., Thi'scius Ciecvlius, One Of The Most Eloquent Of The Latin Fathers, Was Archbishop Of Carthage Towards The Middle Of The Third Century. The Facts And Dates Relating To The Early Portion Of His Life Are Stated By Different Writers With A Variation Which Occasions Uncertainty. He Was Probably ...
St Cyril
Cyril, St., Of Jerusalem, Was Born In That City About Sn. 315, And Received Among The Clergy There An Education For The Church. In 345 He Was Ordained Priest And Catechist By Maximus, The Patriarch, Or, Which Is In Fact The Same Thing, Archbishop Of Jerusalem. On The Death Of ...
St Cyrillus Cyril
Cyril, St. (cyrillus), Of Alexandria, Was Educated Under His Uncle Theophilus, The Bishop Of Alexandria, By Whom St. Chrysestom Was Persecuted And Deposed. On The Death Of Theophilus In 412, Cyril Was Elected Patriarch, That Is, Archbishop Of Alexandria. His Episcopal Power Was First Displayed In Shutting Up And Plundering ...
St George
George, St., Surnamed Of Cereal:loofa, Was A Native Of Epb Phaneia In Cilicia, And Is Said To Have Been Born In A Fuller's Shop. From This Obscure And Servile Origin He Raised Himself By The Talents Of A Parasite, And The Patrons Whom He Flattered Procured For Him A Lucrative ...
St John Ciirysost031
Ciirysost031, St. John (xpuokyoper, That Is, The Golden Mouthed), The Moat Renowned Of The Greek Fathers, Was Born Of Noble And Very Opulent Parente, A.e. 354 (some Writers Say 344 And 347), At Antioch, The Capital Of Syria. In Early Life He Lost His Father Secundus, Who Was Commander Of ...
St Luke
Luke, St., The Evangelist. Respecting The Birth And Early Life Of This Evangelist We Have No Certain Information ; Of His Later History We Learn Something From His Own Work, The 'acts Of The Apostles.' A Considerable Knowledge Of The Greek Language Is Displayed In His Writings, Especially In The ...
St Mark
Mark, St., The Gospel Of. The Genuineness And Authen Ticity Of This Gospel Are Attested By The Unanimous Voice Of Ecclesiastical Writers. Michaelis Has Indeed Objected To Its Canonical Authority, In Common With That Of Luke, But On No Good Ground. According To Papias, Irenteus, And Other Early Writers, Mark ...
St Matthew
Matthew, St., The Gospel Of, Is A Canonical Book Of The New Testament, Ascribed By The Unanimous Consent Of The Early Chris Tian Writers To The Apostle Matthew. It Is Not Easy To Determine The Language In Which This Gospel Was Composed. That It Was Written In Hebrew (by Which ...
St Maur
Maur, St., Congregation Of, A Celebrated Society Of Bene Dictines In France, Who Professed To Follow The Primitive Rule Of That Order. It Was First Established In 1618. Pope Gregory Xv., At The Instance Of Louis Xiii., Gave It His Approval By His Brief Dated 17th May, 1621 ; And ...
St Petersburg
Petersburg, St., A Government Of European Russia, Extends From 57' 56' To 60' 35' N. Lat., 21' 5' To 33° 52' E. Long. It Is Formed Of The Ancient Province Of Ingermannland, Or Ingria, A Part Of Curelia, And Some Circles Formerly Belonging To Novogorod. It Is Bounded N. By ...
St Petersburg
Petersburg, St., The Capital Of The Russian Empire, Is Situated In 59° 56' N. Lat., 30° 20' E. Long., At The Eastern Extremity Of The Gulf Of Finland, And At The Mouth Of The River Neva, And Had 473,437 Inhabitants In 1348. St. Petersburg Has At First Eight A Striking ...
St Vincent
Vincent, St., One Of The Islands Of The Columbiau Archipelago, Situated Between Is. 10' And 13. 25' N. Lat., 61' 10' And 61° 20' W. Long., Having Barbeeloes On The East, Grenada On The South, And St. Lucia On The North. The Area Of St. Vincent Is 131 Square Miles, ...
Stable And Unstable Stability
Stable And Unstable ; Stability. A System Is Said To Be Stable When A Slight Disturbance Of Its Actual Condition Would Net Produce A Continually Increasing Effect, But One Which Finally Ceases To Increase, Diminishes, Becomes An Effect Of A Contrary Character, And So On, In An Oscillatory Manner. The ...
Stade Duties
Stade Duties Are So Called From Stade, In The Kingdom Of Hanover, A Town Situated On The Right Bank Of The Schwinge, Three Or Four Miles From Where It Falls Into The Elbe, And 22 Miles West By North From The City Of Hamburg. The Name Brunshausen Tolls Is Now ...
Stadium 6
Stadium (6 A-mae:nand Td Crrcibies), The Principal Greek Measure Of Length, Was Equal To 600 Greek Or 625 Roman Feet, That Is, To 606 Feet 9 Inches English. The Roman Mile Contained 8 Stadia. The Roman Writers Often Measure By Stadia, Chiefly In Geographical And Astro Nomical Measurements. (herod., Ii. ...