Sometimes the mountain streams are confined by eluico gates till sufficient water is collected to carry the wood down to a larger stream.
By means of windlasses worked by tho power of mountain torrents, the logs aro conveyed up inclined planes from the valleys where this is necessary. A vast deal of the timber of these forests is used for fuel in the mines, and in the numerous smelting-works and furnaces, and other industrial establishments of the country ; for this purpose a large proportion of it is converted into charcoal The greatest wealth of Styria consists in its mines, which are confined to the smaller mountainous portion of the country. The most important minerals aro iron, silver, copper, lead, alum, cobalt, sulphur, salt, marble, and coal.
The most important manufacture is iron. The iron-mines In the Erzberg, in the north of Styria, were well known to the Romaus, This mountain does not contain the ore in veins or strata, but presents a solid mass of iron-ore, which has been wrought without interruption for eleven centuries. There are a few manufactories of linou, cotton, woollens, and silk. There is a very brisk trade between Upper and holier Styria; the latter supplies the former with corn, wine, and tobacco, and receives In return Iron, timber, and salt. The exports to other countries are chiefly cattle, steel, iron, copper, and lead, to .tuatria, Hungary, and European Turkey ; vast numbers of 'scythes sad sickles, steel and some other Iron-wares, to Italy, France, Poland, sod Rued.. Among the smaller articles of iron, several millions of Jews'-harpa are annually exported. The imports consist of flue cloths, oottons, silks, and jewellery, and colonial produce. The transit trade between Italy and Germany, from Vienna to Trieste, is very important, and greatly facilitated by good roads, and by the Vienna Ts-sesta railway, which crosses the Semmering Mountain between f.1 its and Murzuaschlag in this province, and passes through Bruck, Grata, Mahrburg on the Drava, and Cilli.
The crownland is divided into three circles, which, with their sub divisions, area, and population, arc as follows : The inhabitants are mostly of German, partly of Wendish origin. They are all Catholics except about 5000, who are Lutherans, and 65 who are Calvinists. Education is widely diffused by means of the university of Gratz :-5 gymnasia in Gratz, Mahrburg, Cilli, Juden burg, and St. Lambrocht ; 2 schools of art ; 2 theological academies;
anti above 1250 common and adult schools.
Towna.—GaXrz, the capital of the whole crownland and of the circle of Gratz, forms the subject of a separate article. The other towns are meetly small; the more important are here given :—Bruck, a manu facturing town of 2500 inhabitants, is situated 33 miles N. by railway from Gratz, at the junction of the Martz with the Mur. Its position on a navigable river, and at the junction of several highways with the great road from Vienna to Italy, confers upon this town an important transit trade ; besides which there is a great expert of iron and iron implements manufactured in the furnaces and foundries of the town. Judenburg, higher up the Mur and on its right bank, has copper-works, a great manufacture of scythes, a printing-office, a gymnasium, and about.2000 inhabitants, exclusive of the military. In the mountains near it are mines of coal. Leollen, 9 miles W. from Bruck, on the left bank of the blur, has a population of 2500, who trade in bar-iron, charcoal, and salt. There are numerous iron-mines and iron-works here ; jot- and coal-mines are worked in the neighbour hood. The preliminaries of the treaty of Canspo-Formio, between the French and the Austrians, were signed in this town in 1797. Fursleufcld, near the Hungarian frontier has a custom-house, a large tobacco-factory, and about 4000 inhabitants. Af ahrturg, 41 miles N.N.E. by railway from Cilli, stands on the left bank of the Drava, and has a population of 5000, who trade in wine, corn, leather, rosoglio, and fruits. It is defended by is castle, and has a gymnasium and an arsenaL Ci/li, which is said to occupy the site of Claudia atria, a town in the south-east of Noricum, is situated on the Sun, 86 miles by railway S. from Gratz and has a a training school, and 2000 inhabitants, who trade in corn and wine. Coal-mines are worked near Cilli. Eisenerz, a village of about 1600 inhabitants, remarkable for its great iron-works and manufacture of steel, stands at the foot of the famous Erzberg, which is literally a mount of iron ore about 3000 feet high and 5 miles in circuit.