Toulouse has bell-foundries and copper-mills, a verylarge manufactory of sickles, files, and other hardwares, and a number of establishments fur different branches of the iron-manufacture; printing-offices, oil mills, brandy-distilleries, breweries, dye-houses, tan-yards, rope-walks, ; manufactories of wax, wax-candles, paper-hangings, oil cloth, musical strings, morocco leather, cotton- and woollen-yarn, blankets, counterpanes, printed cottons, hats, straw-hats, earthenware, porcelain, and snuff. Trade is carried on with Spain, with the ports of Bordeaux and Marseille, and with the interior: the Spanish trade is the most important. The chief export is of wheat and flour, the produce of the surrounding country, which was eminent fur its pro ductiveness in corn as early as in the time of Caesar. (`De Bell. Gall.,' 10.) Toulouse is celebrated also for its duck-liver pies, of which a great number are sent to other parts of France. There are two great markets in the year for flowers and salt-pork; and eight fairs, includ ing four or eight days each, and two of three days; one of the eights day fairs is an important fair for wool and woollen-cloth. By menus of the Canal-du-Midi and the Garonne, Toulouse has ready water com munication with the Mediterranean and Atlantic porta of France. A railway in course of construction from Bordeaux to Cate passes through Toulouse.
Toulouse is the chief town of the department; it is the mat of a High Court, whose jurisdiction comprehends the departments of Ariege, Hante-Garonne, Tarn, and Tarn-ct-Garonne, and of a Univers sity-Academy, tho limits of which embrace the departments just named, and also those of Aveyron, Gera, Lot, and Hautes-Pyr4ndea. It is also the head-quarters of the 12th Military Division, comprehend ing the departments of Haute-Garonne, Lot, Tarn, and Tarn-et Garonne. It has an assize-court, a chamber and tribunal of com
merce, a tribunal of first instance, a mint, and several fiscal govern ment offices. There are a royal cannon foundry, an arsenal, and an artillery school St. Saturninus, the first bishop of Toulouse, suffered martyrdom, A.D. 250; the city did not attain to metropolitan rank till the 14th century. The provinces of Toulouse and Narbonne are under the archbishop of Toulouse and Narbonne. Tho archdiocese includes the department of Haute-Garonne, and the archbishop's suffragans are the bishops of Montauban, Pamiers, and Carcassonne.
Toulouse possesses many establishments for public instruction ; and tLere are several learned societies which distribute prizea. The most eminent of these is the Acrul6mie des Jenx Floraux, or Society of the Floral Games, instituted in 1823. The poetical contests held by the society were either established or revived by Clemente Isaure, a young lady of family, who devoted her property to form a perpetual endow ment for these games, which are atilt kept up. There are an academy of ioscriptions, sciences, and belles-lettres; an academy of paintiog, sculpture, and architecture; an endowed college, a seminary for the priesthood, a secondary school of medicine and surgery, schools of chemistry, and midwifery; and societies of medicine, of the fine arts, and of akriculture. Toulouse has a public library containing about 60,000 volumes, and many printing and publishing offices, a botanic garden, a departmental nursery, a mont-de-pi6te, two hospitals, an orphan asylum, and an observatory, where courses of instruction on astronomy are given.