Towas.—The next city in rank and importance after Teens is Carman, or Kainraw, which was the principal station of tho first Arabian con querors. It was founded by the Arabs about A.D. 669. It is situated about 70 miles to the mouth of the capitol, and about 24 miles west of Susa. The town Is large and has good houses, and is surrounded by a crenelated wall with four gates. Tho great mosque, which is esteemed the most sacred as well as the most magnificent in all Barbary, is supported by many marble or granite pillars, said to amount to 500 ; but no Christian has ever been allowed to see them. Caiman is the holy city of Africa, and strangers are obliged to pass threush it in deep silence. its laid is almost independent of the Bey, his will being absolute in his own district ; and ho commands no less than 30,000 Arabs, besides governing the 50,000 iuliabitauts which the town is supposed to contain. The inhabitants are famed for the beauty of their yellow marocco beets and slippers.
Koff Is the third city iu riches arid strength, and is the key of Tunis on the western frontier. Its walls are kept in good repair, and the fortress mounts 132 pieces of cannon. Standing in a fertile country, on the declivity of n rocky range of mountains, the view from it is very fine. The town is not populous, but the laid commands a district containing 50,000 males.
The towns and villages are more numerous, and the population is greater in the northern parts of the state. The Dakhul, besides being an agricultural district, abounds in game; is the seat of a large fishery; and has several small rivers running into the sea, which fertilise the country. At Ilautntan Leuf the bey has a palace, and at Mammas GAortsu are mineral baths famous for curing rheumatism and cutaneous disorders. Beyoud these is Lowhareah, where there are extensive taarble-quarries, which are said to have furnished the materials for the building of Carthago and Utica. Zowan, or Zagwan, a flourishing town built upon the skirts of a very high mountain of the same name, about 30 miles S. from tho city of Tunis, supplied water to the city of Carthage by an aqueduct 52 miles long, some parts of which are still standing. The stream in now employed in dyeing the woollen scarlet caps worn throughout Turkey and the Levant ; and this mountain, as well as that of Ksff, furnishes ice for the,Bey's use in summer. The site of Carthage is unoccupied, and on that of Utica there are only a few miserable huts, known by the name of Booshater, standing almost in a marsh. The banks of the Mejerdah are covered with the sites of ancient places.
The lion, the panther, the ounce, the lynx, the wolf, and the wild boar, are the principal ferocious animals that inhabit the western parts of Tunis ; for to the eastward of the meridian of Tabarea the forests cease, and the country is less woody. Flies, noxious vermin, mosqui toes, gnats, ants, and the scorpion are the torment of Europeans in all parts of the country.
Inhatitants.—The Tunisians are a mixed race of Turks, Moors, and Jews, in the towns, interspersed with a few Christians and renegades; while the people of the country are Arabs and Kabyles of different tribes. The floors of Northern Africa are a white race. Whether from a mixture with the Spaniards during their abode in Spain, or with the Turks, who were afterwards their masters, or from the blood of renegades and female slaves taken during three centuries of war fare with European nations, they are in Tunis a comely people, and many of their women would be reckoned handsome in auy part of the world. Although the people of this country are more civilised than those of the other nations of Barbary, it being the principal seat of refuge to which the Moors fled who were driven out of Spain, some of whose manufactures have thriven amongst them, yet they are very Ignorant : their most Instructed men have only a knowledge of read ing the Koran, writing, and a little arithmetic. The language is a dialect of Arabic, but the Lingua Franca, a bastard Italian, used in all the trading places of the Levant, Is spoken in the ports. The inhabit ants are strict Mohammedans. 'The Arab inhabitants of Tunis resemble the Beduins of Arabia in the way of life; but they are rude and unkind to strangers. Any attempt to manage them by mild means would be vain. The idea of the Bey's power is so rooted among them by the annual excursion of his troops through the country, that his firmer' or mandate and the appearance of a few soldiers never meet with &direct opposition. The Kabyles live In the mountains, in villages made of hurdles and clay. Like the Arabs, they are simple and abstemious, subsisting on bread, milk, and dates. [Abcksitr..] As to that part of the country situated on the frontiers of Algiers, the Kabyles and Arabs who live there acknowledge no obedience to either government; and when they have committed a crime, they have only to pass from one country to the other to place themselves in safety. The use of arms is univetaal : the traveller, the shepherd, the labourer, the camel-driver, the rich and poor, are all prepared with dagger, gun, or pistol, to repel attacks, nnd some times to make them. Although their country lies within two days' sail of the continent of Europe, the people have made little or no advance in civilisation for 1000 years. The total eradication of Christianity may in some degree account for this. The number of churches which formerly existed in Barbary is almost incredible. In the Notitia Episcopatuum Ecclesire Africanze,' are the names of 132 episcopal sees, in the proconsular province alone. Never however was a religion and its symbol so completely eradicated from any country as that of the cross from Barbary. Egypt iu its Coptic popu lation, and Turkoy in its Armenian, Greek, and Maronite subjects, still preserve remnants of it, but Barbary has none.