The manufactures of Tuscany 'sought of woollen-cloths, woollen caps for the Levant ; hemp and linen-cloth; thread-silk, and silk-stuffs, paper, glass, leather, wax, coral, which is gathered on the coast of Barbary and worked at Leghorn; iron-ware, alabaster vases and other ornaments, china, and delft-ware. The straw-plat manufacture has greatly decliued.
The grand-duchy of Tuscany is divided into conspartimenti, or provinces, each administered by a provveditore, or prefect. Tho provinces are divided into communes. Each commune is presided over by a municipal officer styled gonfalouiere. For the judicial ndmiuis tration there is in every commune a magistrate, called in some places vicario, and in others podestk; there are primary courts for civil and criminal affairs, in each of the principal towns; high courts, or courts of appeal, at Florence and Lucca ; and lastly, a supreme court, or court of meatiest ati Florence, which watches over the whole judici ary administration. In commercial affairs there are tribunals of commerce at Floreoce and Leghorn. A board at Florence directs the police of the whole grand-duchy; there are commissaries of police in the principal towns, and a police-force (Sbirri) stuttered about various points of the country.
The military establishment amounts to about 15,000 men, including the police and frontier and coast-guard. The commercial marine num bered 929 vessels, of all sizes, carrying 50,178 tons, in 1854.
The yearly public revenue of Tuscany amounted in 1354 to 35,307,400 lire, the expenditure to 37,037,500 lire. Tho iucomo is derived chiefly from customs, land-tax, income-tax, stamps, govern ment monopoly of salt and tobacco, lotteries, and crown demesnes. Proeisions on entering the walled towns psy an 'octroi,' or duty, at the gates, as in France.
The grand duke of Tuscany is an independent sovereign. He is absolute, but he governs according to the established laws, customs, and precedents : ho is assisted by a ministry and a council of state, composed of his secretaries of state. He keeps charg6a d'affaires at the courts of Austria, France, and the Porte. At the other courts he is represented by the imperial minister of Austria. Tuscan consuls are appointed to all the principal ports of Europe, the Levant, and America.
The Roman Catholic is the established religion of Tuscany, and is professed by all Tuscan subjects, with the exception of the Jewish population, which amounts to about 7000 individuals, chiefly at Leghorn and Florence. Foreigners of other Christian communions are tolerated, but proselytism among the subjects of the graud-duke is punished. The church establishment of Tuscany consists of four archbishops (Florence, Lucca, Pisa, and Sieua) and about twenty bishops. There are many collegiate churches, besides cathedrals, about 200 convents and monasteries, and about 60 conservatorj, or houses for female education attached to convents, under the direction of nuns. The regular and secular clergy number about 15,000.
There are grammar schools at Florence, and all the other principal town,. They are kept by the fathers of the Scolopian order (Scholsrum Dermal), and are attended by about 2500 students: the instruction is gratuitous. There are betides Collegj Convitti, or schools for boarders, as well as for day students, in most of the towns, and attended by above 1000 students; they are mostly under the direction of the same order, who are the chief instructors of the Tuscan youth. In every diocese there is at least ono clerical seminary for those who study for the church, and several of them also admit external or day students. Lastly, the two universities of Pim and Siena are attended, the former by about 550 atudenta, the latter by about one-half that number. Each of these universities has four faculties—divinity, jurisprudence, medicine and surgery, and the physico-mathematical sciences—and confers degrees in each of these faculties. .
Female education is afforded by the Conservatorj, or boarding schools, which are directed by nuns. There is one or more of these establiahments in every town. Several of them have at the same time • charity day-school for poor girls. In Florence and other principal towel there are Educatorj, or houses of education attached to several convents for ladies of the higher classes, who have the assistance of able teachers and professors. That of L'Annuneiata at Florence is one of the beet : it contains generally about 100 pupils, and the expense of each ie about 1004 sterling a year. The system of domestic Instrue ., is also common among the rich. For the general education of the people there is a primary school in every commune of Tuscany; a secondary school in every town with a population of 4000; and lyceums iu Florence, Lucca, Leghorn, Pisa, Siena, and Arezzo. Private instruction is free, but subject to government inspection. The publio schools are under the care of a minister of instruction ; religious teaching is in the hands of the clergy. Among the special schools wo must mention the Academy of the Fine Arts at Florence, and the College of Medicine and Surgery attached to the hospital of Santa I Maria Nuova iu the same city. The education of youths of noble families is generally pursued at the colleges for the nobility, the prin cipal of which is the Collegio Tolomei at Siena, directed by the Scolopian fathers. The Tuscan nobility has produced in all ages men distinguished for learning, and for their patronage of learning. Owing to the dif fusion of education, industry, and commerce, and to the thrifty habits of the people, and the subdivision of property, the middle classes are more numerous and have more influence in Tuscany than in other parts of Italy ; the mercantile class enjoys great consideration.