Agricsafure, if anufactura, and raw products of the industry of the United States may be classed wader the heads—Mit:6i and quarries ; agriculture and horticulture; fisheries; the forest. The products of the mines consist of gold, iron, lead, and other metals ; coal, kitchen salt, and stone for building. In 1850 the number of miners was 77,110, of whom 14,437 ware coal-minera (11,753 belougiug to Pennsylvania) : the iron- and lead-miners are not distinguished In the Census Report. Since the discovery of gold in California, that metal has added very largely to the wealth of the Union. Gold is also found In small quantities in Virginia, North sad South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and Illinois. There are rich quicksilver mines in California. The most productive iron-mines are in Massa ehusett4, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Ohio. Lead is most abundant in Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia, are the great coal states, but it occurs in severai others. Salt and stones are more equably diffused through the settled parts of the Union.
Agriculture employed of the free malo population over 15 years of age 2,400,583 persons in 1850. In no census have the occupations of slaves been returned ; but Mr. De Bow, the Superintendent of the Census of 1850, is of opinion, as the result of a well-considered exa mination, that "about 2,500,000 slaves are directly employed In agri culture, including males and females and persons of all ages. Slaves under 10 and over CO are seldom employed industrially?' Of the above about ],8l5,000 slaves are employed in the cultivation of cotton, 350,000 in that of tobacco, 150,000 of sugar,125,000 of rice, and 60,000 of hemp. The number of acres of Improved laud in farms was 113,032,614; of unimproved, 180,528,000 acres; the average number of acres to each farm being 213. Only about ono-thirteenth of the whole area of the organised states is improved, and about one-eighth more is occupied and not improved. The principal grain crop is maize (Indian corn), about 31,000,000 acres of laud being in 1850 employed 'nits growth, and the crop raised amounting to 592,071,104 bushels; of wheat about 11,000,000 acres were cultivated, and tho total crop raised was 100,485,944 bushels : of rye 14,188,813 bushels were raised ; oats, 146,584,179 bushels; barley, 5,167,015 bushels; buckwheat, 8,506,012 bushels. The cultivation of rice is confined to the slave states. The total quantity of rice raised in 1850 was 215,313,497 lbs.; of which 159,930,613 lbs. were raised in South Carolina. Of potatoes 65,797,890 bushels, and of sweet potatoes 38,268,148 bushel!, were grown. Of peas and beans, 0,210,001 bushels. Tobacco wee cultivated on 400,000 acres;. the total crop was 199,752,655 lb!. Cotton was cultivated over 5,000,000 acres. Of ginned-cotton the quantity packed was 2,469,093 bales of 400 lbs. each. Of caue-sugar 247,577,000 lbs. were produced, of which Louisiana alone produced 226,001,00016s.; of maple-sugar, 34,253,436 lbs.; and of molasses 12,700,890 gallons were made, 10,931,177 gallons being made In Louisiana. Of wine 221,249 gallons were made. Of hope 3,497,029 lbs. were grown. Of hay 13,838,642 tons were made. Of
flax need 7,709,676 lbs. were gathered. The value of the three staple products of the Union iu 1850 was respectively about—maize, 290,000,000 dollars; wheat, 100,000,000 dollars; and cotton, 98,000,000 dollars. The value of orchard-products was 7,723,186 dollars; of market-garden produce, 5,280,030 dollars.
The livo stock consisted of 4,336,719 horses; 559,381 asses and mules; 6,385,094 mileh cows; 1,700,744 working oxen; and 10,293,060 other cattle ; 21,723,220 sheep; and 30,354,213 swine. The products of animals were returned as—Butter, 313,345,306 lbs.; cheese, 105,535,893 lbs.; wool, 52,516,959 lbs.; bees'-wax and homy, 14,853,790 lbs.; silk-cocoons, 10,843 lbs.
Manufactures, mining, and the mechanic) arts, employed of the free population, over 15 years of age, 719,470 males, and 225,512 females in 1850. The entire capital invested in manufactures was returned at 527,200,193 dollars. The number of establishments of every description produclug any kind of manufactured article to the amount annually of 500 dollars, was 121,855. The cotton manufacture employed 33,150 males and 59,136 females, the states chiefly engagal iu the manufacture being Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Now York, their respective rank being in the order giveu. The woollen manufacture employed 22,678 males awl 16,574 females, the leading states engaged in the manufacture being Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and Peun sylvania. The iron manufacture employed a large number of hands, Darnel; pig-lren, 20,293 males and 150 females, iron-casting, 23,541 males"and 48 females, and wrought iron,16,110 males and 138 females. The fisheries employed 20.701 melee and 429 females.
The commerce of the United States has gone on rapidly extending, until next to that of Great Britain it is the largest in the world. In the year ending June 30, 1853, the total imports of the United States amounted to 267,978,647 dollars; the exports to 230,976,157 dollars, of which dollars were of domestic produce, and 17,551460 dollars of foreign produce. The lake and river commerce was estimated at 663,976;202 dollars. Of the foreign trade, coninder ably more than half is with Great Britain and its dependeocier. In 1553 the imports from Great Britain amounted to 130,265,340 dollars, and from the colonies to 12,954,133 dollars; the exports to Great Britain were 121,302,271 dollars, and to the colonies, 24,251,353 dollars. The next greatest amount of foreign trade was with France and its dependencies, the imports from which amounted to 33,525,999 dollars, and the exports to 27,044,479 dollars. The total amount of tonnage engsged in the foreign trade was 4,407,010. The number of ships built in the Union during 1853 was 1710, of tho aggregate burden of 425,672 tons. The total number of American vessel, entered from foreign countries in 1853 was 9955, of foreign vessels, 11,722; the clearances during the same year were, of American 10,001, of foreign vessels, 11,630. There were in 1854 of moats 4793 mile, ; of railwaya 17,317 miles completed, and 12,626 miles of railway in course of construction; and there were 89 lines of electric telegraph, having 23,261 miles of wire.