The millstone-grit is found only on the eastern border of the county, covering the mountain limestone, and forming the summit of Brownber Fell. Nine Standards, and Hanging Stones, in Arkengarth Forest, in the Pennine Chain, in the east side of the valley of the Eden near its head ; and of Wild-Boar Fell, on the west side of the same valley, at the eastern end of the main ridge of the Cumbrian Mountains. In the coal-measures which rest on the mountain limestone between Appleby and Ship there are several coal pits.
On the southern side of the county the carboniferous limestone appears broken op by enormous faults into detached portions with wide valleys between them ; one large mass, with several outliers, commences about two miles north of Kendal, and extends as far south as the shores of Morecambe Bay, resting on the Silurian rocks, with the ioterpoaition here and there of the old red-sandstone (Plumgarths, Lavereek Bridge, &c.); opposite to its long south-western escarpment of Underbarrow Scar is another mass of limestone (Whitbarrow). The limestone at Kendal is extensively quarried for building purposes, and many of the beds polish into beautiful marble, which is in great demand for ornamental purposes. Another mass of limestone of some extent lies to the south-west of Kirkby Lousdale.
The new red-sandstone is the most recent formation of this county, and fills all the lower part of the basin of the Eden, from near Brough to the shores of the Solway Frith. It usually appears here as a strong thick-bedded sandstone, and is much used as a building-stone. It rents upon the carboniferous rocks on its south-western side, and, spreading wide on both sides of the Eden, abuts against the upraised terrace of Cross Fell elevated by the great 'Pennine fault' Gypsum is obtained in many parts of the saliferous district in Westmorland.
Proofs of igneous action are abundant in many parts of this county, porphyritic dykes being found in various parts ; there are five which may be observed not very far distant from the Shap Granite in Wet Steddale, iu the valley above High Barrow Bridge, on the crest of the hill from that place to Shap, and in two places farther north and near the roadside. But the well-known Shap Fell red porphyritie granite forms the largest portion of erupted rock iu the county. It rises at
the base of the upper divisor of the elates, and appears to have cut off the Coniaton limestone for some distance; altering, tilting off at high angles, and indurating all the neighbouring rocks. The boulders from this granite are easily recognised, and are found to have travelled in one direction as far as the Yorkshire coast. They are seen resting at the height of several hundred feet above the level of the plain of Eden, against the steep aides of the great ridge of Cross Fell, and they have travelled down the valley of the Keut to Morecambe Bay. The mode of their transport, whether by water, or by ice, or by ice floating in water, is yet an unsolved problem in geological dynamics ; but what Is called the glacial theory is that which is now most generally received by the best geologists.
Ilydrography and Communications.—The Pennine chain of moun tains separates the waters which flow into the Irish Sea from those which flow into the German Ocean. Westmorland is chiefly on the Iresteru side, but a small portion is on the eastern side of the ridge, and in this some of the upper waters of the Teem have their source. The Tees itself rises just beyond the northern border at the foot of Cram Fell, but he course as far as the fall at Cauldron Snout is on the border of Westmorland. On the western side of the Pennine Chain the county is divided by the principal ridge of the Cumbrian Chain into two basins—the basin of the Eden on the north, and the basin of Morecambe Bay on the south, drained by the Kent, the Lune, and other streams, which flow into that 'estuary. The Eden rises on the border of Westmorland and Yorkshire, on the side of llugh'e Seat, one of the mountains of the l'euniue Chain. It passes Kirkby Stephen and Appleby, and shortly afterwards quits the county fur Cumb HAM. Its course iu Westmorland is 30 miles, no part of which is navigable. It has numerous aflluents, among which may be named the Beelah or Belay, the Ilelbeck, the Troutbeck, and the Crowdundale on the right bank, and the Lecth and the }lament on the left bank. All the larger affluents of the Eden which join it on the left bank rise on the northern slope of the Cumbria!! ridge.