On the banks of the Joliba there are several kingdoms. That of Boorch comprises the greater part of the country between 9° and 7° W. long. on both sides of the river. It is inhabited by Mandingoes. The mountains which divide it from Senegambia are very rich in gold, of which a considerable quantity is annually obtained. The town of Booreh is said to be of considerable extent.
East of Booreh is the kingdom of Bambarra [Beamitaaa], in which several towns of considerable extent are situated on the banks of the Joliba :—Bammakoo, a town from which the gold obtained from Booreh is sent down the river ; Marraboo and Koolikorro, two planes of some extent., which trade extensively in salt; Baba ; Yamina, a place of considerable trade ; Sai; Sego [Seto] ; Sansanding [Saisseinuso]; and Sills.
East of Bambarra is the kingdom of Jenneh, the territory of which extends to the vicinity of 15° N. lat. It has obtained its name from Jenneh, the principal commercial town ; but the capital and residence of the sultan is called Ellam doo Lillahi (' to the praise of Ood '), where there are said to be public schools in which children are taught gratuitously, and also schools for adults. The town of Jenneh is about six miles from the banks of the Joliba, but the whole country between the town and the river is cut up by numerous watercourses, so that river-vessels of 80 or 100 tons burden can come up to the town in the rainy season, and smaller vessels all the year round. The population may amount to 10,000. They send ivory, gold, rice, millet, honey, bees'-wax, cured provisions, and onions ; and also tamarinds, pimento, long pepper, leaves and fruits of the baobab, pistachio-nuts, beans, and colat-nuts, Timbuctoo. Wax candles are made in Jenne)), and sent to Timbuctoo.
North of the kingdom of Jenneh is Marina, on the left side of the Joliba, and 138/3811 on the right ; they extend to the lake Debo. [nom.] North of the lake Debo, and on the cast of the river, is an extensive country called Dirimans, whose capital is said to be Alcodia. This country apparently extends to the vicinity of TIMBUCTOO.
In the north-western corner of Sddan, and contiguous to the boundary of Seuegambia, are the kingdoms of Kaarta and Ludamar.
Kaarta lies partly within the mountain range which constitutes the boundary between Senegambia and Sddan ; and Kassan, which for merly was an independent kingdom, but has been conquered and united to Kaarta, is properly within Senegambia. Kaarta contains several very fertile plaiva and valleys. The capital is Kemino, and there are two large towns called Asamangatary and Somantari The walla of Asamangatary are higher, stronger, and better constructed than those of any other town in these parts of Africa; and the town covers an extensive plain, noted for the quantity of earthenware which is there manufactured, and its great fertility in rice and onions. The kingdom of Ludamar borders on the Sahara, and consists of a suc cession of fertile and cultivated tracts and sandy deserts. The capital, Yarra, is of considerable extent, and the houses are built of stone cemented with clay. Other large places are Deena and Sampaka, which lie farther east than Yarra.
A large tract of Man extends along the southern border of the Sahara, between Ludamar and Timbuctoo. Of this tract the greater part belongs to the kingdom of Boroo, which appears to resemble Ludamar in productive powers, but is separated from the neighbouring states by sandy deserts. Its capital, Wallet, is said to be as large as Timbuctoo, and to carry on a very extensive trade iu salt, which is brought from the great rock-salt mines of Shingarin [Settene], and seat to Sansanding, Sego, and Yamina, in Bambarra, where it is exchanged for corn and provisions.
IIL The greater part of the hilly region of Central Sfadan consti tuted at the beginning of the present century an integral part of the kingdom of Houssa, or was subject or tributary to it. This kingdom owed its foundation or its extension to Danfodio, after whose death most of the countries which he had subjected to his away rose against his successor Bello, and several of those countries recovered their independence. The most populous and best cultivated districts are those which lie along the course of the Quorra, and the northern districts, between 11° and 13° 30' N. lat.