10. Records must be the stand ards suggested by the above factors have been devel oped, it is further necessary to establish an adequate system whereby all the data pertaining to production may be collected and so arranged that the manage ment can feel assured that the plant is operating daily at the new standard of efficiency. Any facts bearing upon standardization may be used as the basis of other experiments. Of course, due consideration should al ways be given to the conditions existing at the time of the tests.
11. Foremen and laborers must be taught.—It is just as well to suggest that such work belongs to the expert alone; for it is sometimes forgotten that standardized physical conditions make up only part of the requirements to be met before the standard time can be established. Intelligence in dealing with the new conditions is necessary. Foremen and working men must be taught to appreciate the changes and how to secure the results expected ; and the gaining of this standard of intelligence is a prerequisite also to the introduction of standard times.
12. Standard times in handling and assembling.— The determination of many of the standards pertain ing to materials, machines, speeds and the like, be longs to the province of the engineer. Many progres sive managers are now extending the principle of standardization to other features connected with the making of goods. The handling of materials before and after they reach the machine, and the assembling of the parts into a completed whole are now receiving the same close attention that has been bestowed on the machinery processes.
13. Elements in handling time.—The time required to handle the tools, machines and materials in any large factory, is an important consideration. In the Watertown arsenal it took a workman 329 minutes to cut a gear. VVhen the job was analyzed it was found that 152 minutes was the running time of the machine, and in minutes was the handling time taken by the man in assembling finished gears, put ting in new blanks to be cut, adjusting cutters and lifting pieces to and from the machine. In making a study of this case for the purpose of getting at a standard time, it was found that the job could be done in 220 minutes-109 minutes less than the actual time taken. The machine's running time was fixed; this
saving all came out of the 177 minutes of handling time.
Handling time, as a whole, is divided into three parts: that devoted to (1) handling tools; (2) hand ling the machine; and (3) handling the materials. The handling of the tools takes the most time; it is estimated that in many cases this consumes 75 per cent of all the handling time. The handling of the ma chine takes 15 per cent of the time. The handling of materials takes 10 per cent.
14. Sample of standard time in handling.—"It is no uncommon thing," says Mr. H. K. Hathaway, "to see men spend fifteen minutes in trying to screw a nut onto a clamping bolt when 0.71 minute would have sufficed to perform the whole operation of lifting, adjusting and tightening the clamp to a machine." In arriving at a standard time for this operation he obtained the following data : If this simple operation is analyzed, it will be seen that only one of the elements of handling has been considered, i. e., the handling of the tools. If we should desire to standardize the handling of the opera tions which accompany those of the drilling machine to which this clamp was attached, we would then have a standard time for that operation of the machine. Further, if it is desired to study the handling con nected with the bar of iron which was held on by the clamp and drilled by the machine, another set of time studies would give the standard time for that opera tion. Thus the standard handling time would be divided into four parts, each of which would be stand ardized. These parts are the time for (1) handling the material on its way to the machine, (2) setting up the job, (3) machining the work and (4) removing the work.
15. Material-handling time.—The method of hand ling material has been standardized by having certain operations, such as the piling or placing of parts, al ways done in the same manner, and by having the parts put in the same places each time the operation is performed. For example, in the handling of light pieces, where various operations require close atten tion, the stock may be carried in boxes of the stand ard size. This reduces to the minimum the number of sizes needed and effects a sort of standardization.