2. Hemiptera, or half winged insects, as the cockroach, locust, grasshopper, bug, &c.
3. Lepidoptera, or scaly winged insects, as the and the moth. 4. Neuroptera, or nerve-winged or fibre-winged insects, the wings of which are furnished with conspicu ous nerves, fibres, or ramifications, as the dragon fly, May fly, trout fly. 6. Nymenop tera, or insects with four wings and a sting, as the bee, wasp, hornet, termer, or white ant, &c.
6. Diptera, or two-winged insects, as the gnat, common fly, mosquito, horseleech, &e.
7. Aptera, or inris without wings, as the spider, flea, lobster, scorpion, &c. ENTOMOLOGY, HISTORY or. There are scattered notices respecting insects at an early period, from which we may infer that they had not escaped the notice of inquirers into the animal kingdom. Among the books of Solomon now lost to the world,. it is recorded that he treated on insects, or creep ing things. Hippocrates wrote a work on insects, from which Pliny has given some few extracts. The labours of Aristotle on this subject are still extant, and show that he had made insects his particular study. What he has written on this subject has not been sur passed in accuracy by any thing that has fol. lowed. Nicander, Callimachus, and above all Theophrastus, are mentioned as writers on insects ; but there is no work extant on that subject before the time of the Romans. Virgil treats on the subject of bees, which were much cultivated in his time. Pliny has devoted the eleventh book of his Natural History to this subject, and mentions several Latin writers who had directed their attention to it. /Elkin, in his work on animals, devotes several chap ter: to particular insects, as the spider, scor pion, cricket, &c. ; besides that, the subject is slightly touched upon by the medical writers, /guns, Paulus Aigineta, Tiernan, and Ori basins, and also by the Arabian authors Ithazes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, and Averrhoes. From the twelfth to the fifteenth century, no writer of any note occurs on the subject of entomology. Albertus Magnus has devoted some small part of his work De Animalibus to this subject. Agricola, in his work de Ani mantibus Subteraneis, which appeared in 1549, has given the first systematic arrangement of insects, by dividing them into creeping insects, flying insects, and swimming insects: This work was followed in the same century by Dr. Wotton's work, De Differentiis Ammalium, and cursory remarks on insects in Rondeletius, Libri de Piscibus Marinis, and in Conrad Gesner's work, De Serpentium Nature. A far more important production on the subject of insects appeared in 1602, from the pen of that industrious naturalist Aldrovan dus, entitled De Animalibus Insectis, in which he divided them into two classes, terrestria and aqnatica, and subdivided them into orders, according to the number, nature, position, &c. of their wings. This work was followed by the Historia Animalium Sacra of Wolfang Frenzius, and other works from the pen of Fabius Columns, Hoefnagle, and Archibald Simpson. This latter work is entitled to no tice, because it was the first work on entomo logy that had appeared in Britain.
The graphic art was also called into aid about this period, to illustrate the subject of entomology, as appears from the works of the celebrated engravers Hoefnagle, Robert Au bret, De Bry, Valet, Robin, Johnston, &c. The invention of the microscope also afforded great facilities to the study of entomology, and enlarged the sphere of observation very considerably. Of these facilities many natu ralists amply availed themselves, as Hooke, Leuwenhoek, Hartsoeker, and others. The latter writer discovered the circulation of the fluids in insects. Christopher Marret pub lished, in 1667, a work containing an account, of British insects ; and a particular descripH tion of the tarantula was published about the same time by Wolferdus Sanguerdins; the most important work on this subject was' Swammerdam's General History of Insects,' which displayed an anatomical knowledge of these animals that raised the reputation of this writer very high. This appeared in 1669, and in 1678 Lister's valuable of Eng lish Spiders; the year following the first par of Madame Merian's extensive work on the metamorphoses oflepidopterous insects, which was followed by other parts in 1683, 1718, and 1726, which last is a splendid performance on the insects of Surinam. Leuwenhoek also, about the same time, added materially to the stock of entomological knowledge, by giving an account of the anatomy of insects, drawn from microscopical observations. Ray pub. lisped, in 1710, his Historia Insectorum, which was the joint labour of himself and his friend Willoughby. In this history insects are divided into the transmutabilia and in transmutabilia. The transmutabilia are divi ded into four orders, namely, vaginipennes, those which have wings covered with a sheath ; papiliones, the lepidopterous insects; quadripennes, four winged insects ; and bipen nes, two winged insects : which are again sub divided into families. In 1735, the system of Linnnus was published, which has since been universally adopted. It consisted at first of four orders, which he afterwards increased to the number of seven. Some writers, as De&er, Reitzius, and Fabricius, have attempted to im prove upon the Linnman system, but their al terations have not been admitted.
As to the history of insects, many natural ists since his time have contributed their share to the stock of information, either by the description of the insects in particular parts, or by the description of insects generally. In 1753, appeared the Entomologia Carniolica of Seopoli ; in 1769, Birkinfront published Out lines of Natural History of Britain ; in Sew ard's Natural History is given an account of many exotic insects. In 1770 were published Illustrations of Natural History; in 1775 Fabricius published his Systeme Entomologist; and within the last few years we have had Donovan's Natural History of British Insects, in 15 vols. ; Lamarck's Systeme des Animaux sans vertebres ; Mareham's Entomologia Bri tannica, and Kirby's Monographia Apium