Geographical descriptions are, moreover, il lustrated by engraved delineations, which, when they represent an ocean, sea, or any piece of water, is called a chart, but when they represent any parts of the earth general ly are termed maps. In all maps the north is at the top, and the south at the bottom, the east on the right, and the west on the left. Maps are always laid down according to a certain scale, taken from the degrees of latitude, which are marked on the east and west side of the map, those of longitude being marked on the north and south side. As the earth is a globe, a map of the whole earth most neces sarily consist of two parts, both aides of the globe not being visible at once; accordingly, in a universal map the right baud circle shows the old world, that is, Europe, Asia, and Afri ca, and the left hand circle the new world, or America. Upon the general map are marked the circles correspondent to those of the sphere, as the equator, &c. Particular maps, being parts of this globe, retain the meridians and parallels belonging to the particular part, which are made smaller or larger according to the size of the map, and the distance of the places mentioned are proportioned to the breadth of the parallels as nearly as they can be. In maps the sea is denoted by an open space; the thick shadowing denotes the sea coast; rivers are marked by shadowed serpen tine lines ; if large, by double and treble lines, made strong and black ; roads by double lines ; divisions of countries by dotted lines, and sometimes distinct colours, those for king doms and provinces being larger than the rest; forests are represented by trees; moun tains by rising shadows ; sands by dotted beds ; lakes by shadowed coasts ; rocks by pointed things sticking up sharp in the sea ; the course of the winds by arrows. The
names of the villages are written in a running hand, those of towns in a Roman character, those of cities in small capitals, and those of provinces in large capitals. Cities or great towns are made like small houses, with a little circle in the middle of them, but smaller towns or villages are marked only with little circles ; bridges by a double line across the river. In some maps, particularly old maps, cities, as the sees of bishops, were marked with a cross or mitre, and those of archbishops with a double cross ; universities with a star or a caduceus; abbeys with a crook or pastoral staff; fortresses with an angle, as of a bastion ; castles with a little flag ; gentlemen's seats with a single house only, &c, The apparatus called the terrestrial globe, has a complete map of the earth drawn on its surface, with the several imaginary circles, and is, moreover, fitted to illustrate the move ments of the earth as a planet, the latitudes, longitudes, and distances of places, the hours of day and night in different parts, with a num ber of other interesting problems.