Or rub the spot with good yellow soap, wash, and while wet rub pow dered chalk into it and cover with a layer of chalk. Lay the article on the grass in the sun and sprinkle clear water over it. Repeat this treatment until the mildew is removed.
Or mix pound of soap jelly with 2 ounces of starch, 1 ounce of salt, and the juice of I lemon. Pour over the stain, or apply with a brush.
Iron Rnst.—Stains from iron rust (or " iron mold," as they are some times called) yield readily to both muriatic acid and oxalic acid, but as the latter is less injurious to fabrics, a hot solution of it gives most satis faction. Other substances recom mended to remove iron rust are salts of lemon, lemon juice, salt, cream of tartar, and various admixtures of these. In all cases wet the stained fabric, apply the cleansing substance, and hold in the steam of a teakettle, or expose to direct sunshine, spread ing on the grass when convenient un til the stain is removed. Repeat the treatment as often as is necessary.
To make salts of lemon, mix equal parts of cream of tartar and pow dered salt of sorrel. Wet the spot, and apply dry salts to the wet sur face.
Or mix lemon juice with salt and cover thickly.
Or use equal parts of cream of tar tar and oxalic acid, or equal parts of cream of tartar and salt.
To Remove Whitewash.—To re move whitewash stains apply strong vinegar.
Vaseline Stains.—Wash in warm soapsuds, rinse, and apply chlorinated soda.
Wax Stains.—Apply alcohol or naphtha with Lt camel's-hair brush, sponge, or piece of rag.
Or hold the stains within an inch or two of a red-hot iron, and rub with a soft, clean rag.
Or lay over them a piece of brown paper, and iron with a hot iron.
Paint Stains.—Saturate the stains with gasoline and rub with a small sponge or flannel rag. Continue un til the paint is absorbed, and rub with a clean cloth until dry.
Or saturate the spot for some hours with turpentine, and afterwards rub the article between the hands, when the paint Will crumble and can be dusted away without injury to the fabric.
Iodine Stains.—As iodine is often applied externally to the skin, it fre quently stains cotton and linen gar ments. To prevent this add a few drops of liquid carbolic acid to the iodine.
To remove the stains when fresh, dip the spots in aqua ammonia dilut ed with warm water.
Or soak the stains in a strong solu tion of byposulphite of soda and water.
Or wet the fabric and cover with hyposulphite of soda until the stains are removed.
Nutgall Inks.—Formerly black ink was usually made of green vitriol dis solved in an infusion of gallnuts. Inks of this sort stain paper perma nently and speedily, rapidly darken for a while, but eventually become yellow or brown with age. These old fashioned inks were easily removed with oxalic and mineral acids, but the modern inks contain, in addition to tannate of iron (produced by the ac tion of nutgalls upon copperas), ani line blue, indigo, and other dye stuffs that are not removable by these acids. The first inks of this sort were placed upon the market about the middle of the nineteenth century. Many of the recipes still found in print claiming to remove all sorts of ink spots were originally published more than fifty years ago. All such recipes must be regarded with suspicion. No single recipe can be given that will remove stains made by every kind of ink.
Ink. — Anther modern ink known as the chrome-log wood ink is produced by the action of a solution of logwood upon potas sium chromate. This is a deep pur ple ink, that turns darker after being exposed to the air, and has the ad vantage over iron-gall inks that it will not fade. Logwood is also com bined with an extract of alum or chloride of aluminum. The best French copying inks are of this class. These inks may be removed by muri atic acid, which first turns the spot red. This acid must not, however, be used on stylographic inks 'containing eosin or nigrosine, as it will turn them into an indelible dye.
Stylographic Ink.—This is a mod ern ink made by dissolving in water the coal-tar product known as nigro sine. It is used for stylographic pens on account of its fluidity, as it con tains no sediment. This ink is of a deep blue-black color that does not change on exposure to the air and has little luster. It does not fade, and after a lapse of years is soluble in water. Hence if paper containing it is wet the color will run. The ef fect upon a nigrosine ink of acids in certain recipes " guaranteed to re move any ink spot" is to mordant or set the ink, rendering it insoluble and practically indelible. Hence it is al ways advisable to moisten an ink spot with water, and if it blurs or smirch es, thus indicating the presence of ni grosine, washing soda, caustic soda, potash lye, or any other alkali should be used, but not an acid.