Druggists' Abbreviations. — The following are abbreviations frequently used by druggists and physicians, and freely made use of in this volume, es pecially in the department of toilet recipes: i3 is an abbreviation for recipe, or take.
P " .• " particula, or little part.
Q. s. " " quantity sufficient.
P. as. " " equal parts.
Q. P. " " as much as you please.
Gr. " " grain.
Bs. " " semi.
A als " " equal quantities.
" Gt. " " drop.
Cong. " " congiug, the Latin for gallon.
0 " " pint from octarius, Latin for 1.
'IL minim, equal to a drop of water.
Comparison of ideasures.—The fol lowing table of comparative weights will be found convenient for refer ence: 1 TJ. S. lb. troy 5,760 grs. troy.
1 Eng. lb. troy 5,760 grs. troy.
1 lb. apoth 5 760 grs. troy.
1 U. S. lb. av 7,000 gm. troy.
Eng. lb. av 7,000 grs. troy.
144 lb. av 175 lb. troy.
1 French gram 15.433 grs. troy.
1 U. S. yard 36 inches.
1 Eng. yard 36 in ches.
1 French meter 39.368+ inches.
1 U. S. bushel 2,150.42 + cu. in.
1 Eng. bushel 2 218.19 + cu. in.
1 U. S. gallon 231 cu. in.
1 Eng. gallon 277.26 + cu. in.
1 French liter 91.533+ cu. in.
1 French are 119.664 sq. yds, Weight of Cattle.—To estimate the weight of live cattle or carcasses un dressed, first measure in inches the girth behind the shoulders, next the length from the forepart or point of the shoulder blade along the back to the bone at the tail in a vertical line with the buttocks. Multiply the girth in inches by the length in inches, and divide the product by 144. This will give the number of superficial feet. If the girth of the animal is from 3 to 5 feet, multiply the number of superficial feet by 16; the result will be the animal's weight. Or if the girth is from 5 to 7 feet, multiply by 23. If from 7 to 9 feet, multiply by 31. If less than 3 feet, as in the case of small calves, hogs, sheep, etc., multi ply by 11. Of course, individual ani mals will vary. But these rules will give approximate results.
Or multiply the square of the girth in feet by 5 times the length in feet. For average stock divide the product by 1.5; for fat cattle by 1.425; for lean by 1.575. The quotient will be the dressed weight of the quarters, or nct weight of the steer after dressing.
Or for a short method, multiply the square of the animal's girth by 17.5,
which will give the weight of the ani mal nearly.
In estimating the weight and price of hogs, it is usually considered that about is lost in dressing the animal. Hence the gross weight diminished by or by 20 per cent, gives the net weight. Or the net weight increased by 1, or 25 per cent of itself, gives tbe gross weight Neasurement of Hay.—Hay is or dinarily and properly sold by weight, and this is the only exact mode of measurement. But experience has shown the following rules to be suffi ciently correct for ordinary practical purposes. If the hay is loosely packed, as in windrows, multiply the length, breadth, and height in yards, and di vide the product by 25. The quotient will be the number of tons in the windrow. If the hay has been re cently placed in the mow, or if the mow is shallow, multiply together the length, height, and width in yards, and divide by 18. Or if the hay is well packed, divide by 15 or divide by any number between 15 and 18, ac cording to the way in which the hay is packed or settled in the mow.
Or if the hay is in square or long stacks with flat tops, well settled, multiply the length of the base in yards by the width in yards, and that product by I the height in yards, and divide by 15.
Or if the hay is in a load, multiply the length, width, and height in yards, and divide the product by 20.
Or, by another method, it is esti mated that old hay well packed in a mow will run about 520 cubic feet to the ton, clover 720 cubic feet, timothy and clover mixed 600 cubic feet. Hence ascertain the number of cubic feet in the mow and divide by one of these figures, according to the quality of tbe hay.
Or to ascertain the number of cu bic feet in a round pointed stack, multiply the area of the base in square feet by of the height in feet. This will give the number of cubic feet in a stack, or if the stack is built up square with pointed eaves, like a house, first measure the height from the ground to the eaves and to this add of the height from the eaves to the top. Take this figure as the mean height, and multiply together the mean height, length, and breadth in feet, and divide the result by 520, 600, or 720, according to the quality of the hay.