Cathedral of highly-important structure of this period is the Cathedral of Bamberg (pi. 25, fig. 5), which has double bays in the nave, while the eastern choir is sumptuously decorated and the western towers exhibit the highest realization of the richness of forms of the Romanesque—not, indeed, with the ancient solidity, but with an almost playful liveliness imported direct from France.
Not far from Bamberg, in Franconia, stands the Cistercian Church of Ebrach, the principal part of which was erected after the beginning of the thirteenth century, and which was consecrated in 1285. It still retains the system of double bays with square quadripartite vaulting in the centre aisle, exactly as in the earlier period, only diagonal ribs are present. The same system is retained in many buildings, as in the cathedrals of Naun burg and Miinster and in the Cistercian Church of Riddagshausen, the choir of which has the same design as that of the Cistercian Church of Ebrach. In both the chancel has a square end, yet the aisles are carried round it; and around the aisle is a series of square chapels. The double bay is already superseded by the single one in the Church of St. Sebald at Nuremberg.
The Cathedral of lfagdeburg, commenced in 12°7, not only displays French details, but brings into Germany the French chevet, or polygonal apse with aisle and crown of chapels. Still, it retains the severity of the massive pillars and the German mouldings of the age. Through the long delay in the construction of the building, architecture developed more and more; so that parts of the structure cannot be called Romanesque, but rather Gothic (pi. 31, fig. 2).
Other structures of the early part of the thirteenth century are the west choir of the Cathedral of Alayence and the Cathedral of Paderborn, which latter exhibits a different arrangement; for the three aisles are of equal height. This system occurs in many churches in Westphalia and spread farther, so that from this time forward it begins to supersede the basilica system. In this class of church there is no clere:storey to light the middle aisle, but the pillars have no high walls to bear, and the side thrust of the centre vault upon them is counterbalanced by that of the side-aisles; so that they can be made comparatively small and spaced wide apart.
C/oisiers.—The highest ideal of this period was church-architecture, and monumental building is almost exclusively confined to it; hence the results of this architectural development readily found application in a class of secular structures. Convents often adjoined and were united with the churches. These contained vaulted corridors, called cloisters, running round a square court, and various kinds of halls—some, as the chapter house, devoted to common edification; others, as the refectories, to com mon recreation. Collegiate foundations were attached to the cathedrals, and also to the parish churches of the larger cities, and similar buildings occur near most large churches.
Convent of Maulbronn.—As an example we give the plan of the Convent of Maulbronn (b1. 26, fig. t), in which, as in almost all others, a part of the structures belongs to a later date. The cloister (fig. 2) and the refectory (fig. 3) show the late Romanesque style devel oped in the most original manner, and exhibit its application to distinct yet similar purposes. A number of magnificent convents of this kind were erected in the beginning of the thirteenth century upon the middle and lower Rhine, but most of them have disappeared. Some fine examples of such buildings still exist in Austria. The cloisters at Heiligenkreuz, Zwetl, and Klosterneuburg are unsurpassed for poetical elegance.
Austria has also a great number of churches of this age, and thence proceeded a school which filled Hungary and Transylvania with edifices. We may mention the nave of the Franciscan church at Salzburg, the church at Lilienfeld (1202-1220), with its cloister and chapter-house, the collegiate Church of St. Michael at Wiener-Neustadt, and the ancient remains of St. Stephen at Vienna. Still others are the Church of Tisch uowitz and the original design of that at Trebitsch, both in Moravia. Among the Hungarian churches we find the Benedictine Abbey-church of Martinsberg, consecrated in 1222, the church at Lebeny, and the ruins of the churches at Tsambek and Nagy-Karoly, of the collegiate Church of St. jik, and of the Cathedral of Carlsburg, in Transylvania.