Thus, Giuseppe Aliglioranzi built in 1687 for the Bombardiere of Ve rona, at the Scaliger Palace, an entrance which has no architectural forms, but seems composed entirely of cannon and other implements of warfare arranged in such a manner that bare cannon placed on drums balance at their ends perfectly-mounted gulls which support a balcony the parapet of which is again formed of cannon.
Fischer of principal master in Austria at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was Johann Bernhard Fischer of Erlach, who excelled in magnificence of proportions and beauty of arrangement, but in details was attached to the exaggerated forms of liernini and Borromini. He constructed the imperial library and the winter riding-sehool of the Hofbnrg (imperial palace) of Vienna, designed the proposed reconstruction of the palace (fi/. 47, Aq. 5)—which was only partially completed—built the Church of St. Peter, and also the castle at SchOnbrunn (1696–r7oo) and the domed Church of St. Charles in Wieden (pi. 47, fig. 8), both in the suburbs of Vienna.
Johann Lucas von Hildebrand, the rival of the last, Wilt in 1693 the Castle Belvedere, a front and a rear view of which are given in Figures 6 and 7. The front (fig. 6) stands at the summit of a magnificently terraced garden adorned with many figures, groups of statuary and foun tains, hedges trimmed into shapes, etc. At the bottom of this stands a second small castle.
In connection with Joseph Emanuel, son of Fischer of Erlach, Hilde brand erected in Weyburg Street the Palace of Prince Eugene, the great staircase of which, with its figures of giants, has an effect at once charac teristic and magnificent. Among the other Viennese palaces, that of Prince Liechtenstein on the Minoritenplatz, built in 1694, and that of Prince Kinsky in the Freiung, built in 1719, both the work of Hildebrand, the Bohemian Court of Chancery, built in 17r6 by Fischer of Erlach, and the summer palace of the Princes Schwarzenberg, by the same master (1706-1725), are of surpassing splendor. Grand staircases and vestibules are present in all these, and huge massive membering imparts to them a distinctive severity which gains in impressiveness through the figures of giants which, some of them fashioned as termini, bear balconies, stairs, etc. Between 1699 and 17o6, Andreas Schluter built at Berlin the royal
palace, of great dimensions and in a severe style which, though the build ing was not finished, was not spoiled by subsequent alterations. A harder and somewhat more severe style is evident in the works of the Englishman John Vanbrugh, whose principal work is Blenheim Palace, and his next Howard Castle.
Colin Campbell, another English master of this period, built Wan stead House, which has a Corinthian temple-facade. Other works of the eighteenth century in England are Kent's north front of the Treasury building at Whitehall, the Radcliffe Library at Oxford, and Somerset House at London, the work of Sir William Chambers.
Zwinger. —In r7ri, King Augustus the Strong of Poland laid out at his princely residence at Dresden, on the site of the fortifications, the group of structures which now bears the name of Zwinger, and which consists chiefly of a lofty arcaded portico broken by pavilions and entrances, and with its salient and re-entering angles partly surrounding three sides of a rectan gular court, the fourth side of which was to have been occupied by a castle, of which the entire Zwinger was to have formed the fore-court. The pavilions are built with surpassing fancifulness and the most varied forms, as is also the small tower above the chief entrance (fig. 4), while the arcades between are quiet and dignified.
One of the most magnificent princely palaces is the residence of the prince-bishop at Wiirzbnrg, with its splendid staircase, erected 172o-1744 by Baltz (Balthasar) Neumann. Castle Schleiss is quite as magnificent, but less noteworthy is Castle Nymphenburg, copied from Versailles.
Grandest in design of any of the German palaces, but very stiff in execution, is the Castle of Mannheim, begun in 172o by the Palsgrave Karl Philipp; of less size, but of finer architecture, is the castle at Rastadt; that at Carlsruhe is of original design, and the small castle at Bruchsal is charming. Of original design, with a round cupola in the centre and magnificent double flights of steps, is the "Solitude," near Stuttgart, the pleasure-house of the duke Karl of Wfirtemberg.