Prez,ention qf Water of the inodern inventions pro vides a method for the prevention of the overflow of water in buildino-s by automatic electric devices, by which the loss and damage caused by the bursting- of pipes in winter and by carelessness in leavino- water-cocks open may be avoided.
Afiscellaneous Electrical list of electrical devices and of methods of accomplishing given ends by electrical agencies is too exten sive for elaborate discussion here. Enthusiasts assert that a very wide range of the labors performed in dwellings can be facilitated by electrical devices, and they look forward to discoveries in the near future which, by cheapening the cost of existing methods, will lead to the extensive intro duction of numerous inventions hitherto used only experimentally or on a limited scale.
D(701- ana' Window this title are included the appli ances—made chiefly of iron, but sometimes of other metals—that form parts of the movable means by which rooms are opened or closed, and particularly the metallic adjuncts of doors and windows that facilitate mo tion, acid strength, and otherwise increase efficiency.
a door or a window moves on an axis, hinges are used to effect this rotary movement. These vary greatly in size, shape, and other particulars, to correspond with the diversified requirements of the woodwork to which they are attached, but in every case they consist of two interlacing- parts—namely, the supporting- and the hanging portions, the former being attached to the casing of the aperture, and the latter to the door or window. Different styles are illustrated on Plate 7 (figs. 26– ',9). Figure 9 (pi. S) exhibits a self-fastening shutter hinge, by which window shutters are securely fastened when open.
The Strap Hinge (pi. 7,fig. 26) is frequently used on }edged and framed doors. It aids in streng,thening them, and in inedimval times such hinges often had an ornamentation of a twisted or interlacing description which covered the greater part of the leaf to which it was attached. In the illus tration the supporting part, or dog—upon the pin of which the hing-e, screwed to the door-leaf, han,gs—is provided with a plate, also attached by screws to the woodwork with which it is connected. The loop of the
hinge, resting upon the pin, has a small pin of its own screwed in, so that the one pin works upon the other. Each leaf of the door generally has two or three hinges.
The Hinge (fig. 27) is used chiefly on heavy external doors. As the three sections in the Figure show, the horizontal part lies between the fillets of a plate with eight screws and is itself screwed to the leaf by a strong screw bolt. The arrangement of the supporting- dog and of the pin connected with it is similar to that of the strap hinge described.
above. Additional particulars are shown by the vertical section of the illustration.
The Butt Hinge (pi. 7, fig. 2s) is extensively used on doors and windows. It differs from those previously described chiefly in the fact that its fastening parts are sunk into the leaf as well as into the jamb casing. Three screws in each part furnish additional security. Only the knuckles receiving the pin on both parts of the hinge remain visible on the outside, the flaps being sunk into the wood. Small doors have two such hinges, and larger ones have three. In American practice, the species of hinges designated "butts"—often made of bronze or of brass—are extensively used as attach ments for facilitating the movements of doors or window shutters. Lead ing varieties are styled " loose-joint butts," " loose-pin butts" (pi. s, jig. II), and " fast-joint butts." The Charnier Balza' or Piz,o1 Hinge (pi. 7, fico,-. 29) has two flaps, each fastened with three screws. These flaps are not mortised, but are let into the face of the fold flush with it. The knuckles of the flaps do not lie over, but are let into, one another and connected by a pin. The illustration embraces two vertical sections in addition to the external view, and is in tended to show how a inovement of one hundred and eighty degrees may be made and how the two parts connected by the hinge may be brought closely together. In elevated structures these hinges are used chiefly for folding window shutters.