the two main divisions of the Dravidians are thus shown to have been originally connected, and the differences in body were brought about later by a varied manner of life, we may say the same of their languages. The Deccan and Vindhya tongues are alike in structure, but quite different as regards verbal roots, though even these have certain important points in common. At one time they did not distinguish between substantive, adjective, and verb—a distinction which now is recognized in all the Deccan idioms. Our declension is supplied by a number of formative syllables, and the conjugation in both divisions of the Dravidians is accomplished by suffixes. Yet the verbal form nowhere rises above the attributive relation.
The true life of the language is seen in the pronouns. It is an important difference that the Vindhya tongues have a dual of these latter, while those of the Deccan either do not possess it or have it only by means of a paraphrase. They correspond in the difference between the exclusive and inclusive plural—i. c. both have forms for "we" inclusive and "we" exclusive of the person spoken to. The most important difference in the structure of the language shows itself in the gender. While the Vindhva tongues distinguish only between that which has life and that which has not, and make the distinction a general one, the Deccanees have in the "high" and "low" gender of the Tamil grammarians—of which the former includes all beings with reason, and the latter only beasts and inanimate things—apparently the same trait, only expressed with a dif ferent scope. The Deccanees also express in the " high " gender the distinction between masculine and feminine, confined, however, to pro nouns (demonstrative) and to those pronouns which form the conjuga tion of the verb. This distinction is seldom applied to the substantive, hut it is mostly confined to the pronoun, which is affixed to the descrip tive word in masculine or feminine form. It cannot be regarded as fundamental, for the grammatical gender has been developed out of the distinction between animate and inanimate objects. Thus the gender in the Deccan tongues may have arisen independently from the old founda tion that the Vindhya people have preserved, or, as is more probable, in consequence of the influence of the Aryan tongues, which have through out such marked difference in gender.
A critical examination of the Dravidian languages shows the likeli hood of their having developed out of one ancient common stock. The Vindhya idioms have kept to the older and more undeveloped standard, which is not surprising when we consider their history and degree of cultivation. The Eln (Singhalese) is not so nearly related
to the Deccan as regards roots, but is similar in the spoken form. It is therefore to be regarded as a peculiarly developed branch of the Deccan idioms.
clothing of all these tribes is entirely Indian (p1. Si, fig. t). Among the less cultivated it is very simple, consisting of a cloth worn around the hips like a gown; both sexes among the Singhalese have it so (p1. St, fig. 4), while among the Bheels and the.Kollis the men wear only a small loin-cloth. The wealthier have a cloak around the shoulders, which is sometimes a mere cloth (among the Kolhs, the Tudas, the Khonds, the Paharias, etc.), and sometimes, as among the Singhalese, a kind of jacket (A/. 8r, fig. 4, S, 9).
hair is worn mostly in a knot on the crown or back of the head with manifold ornaments, and generally held in place with a long zinc comb; some tribes, as the Tndas Sr, figs. 8, 9), the Kolhs, and the Bheels, wear it free, the wild tribes often paving no attention to it. We see divers coverings for the head on Plate Sr (figs. I, 5, 6).
Jewehy.—Ear-rings and necklaces (p1. Si, fig. to) are popular orna ments; the former are worn in the edge of the ear, which is pierced (p1. Sr, fig. to), or, together with plugs, small pieces of wood, etc., in the ear-lobes, which are often greatly enlarged (p1. Sr, fig. to); and even the civilized Deccanees have adhered to this custom (pl. Sr, fig. t). Metal bracelets and anklets, oftentimes very heavy, are also prized. The weapons of those branches which have not become Indianized consist of bow and arrow, axes, shields, and slings.
dwellings consist of neat frame hilts united into villages. Only totally barbarous tribes, such as the Veddahs, plait their temporary huts of the twigs of trees, or, when occupying a somewhat higher rank in civilization, make them of pieces of tree-bark.
AgricuPure and are the principal occupations of the nations not completely uncivilized, such as the Kolhs, the Tudas, etc. Cattle, buffaloes, hogs, goats, and sheep cow:finite the wealth of the shep herd peoples. The Tudas, for instance, in the Neilgherry IIills, keep principally buffaloes and sheep: the simple vehicles of the Singhalese and the manner in which they use the elephant, their ordinary domestic animal, arc shown on Plate St (fig. 4). The entirely barbarous tribes lead a wild and miserable life of hunting and robbing in their woods and mountains.