The Celts nowhere exist as independent nations, but they derive importance from the fact that they constitute the original stock of the modern French people and were a factor in the origin of the English o nation. Even in ancient times they exhibited a double type: in Gaul they were light, blond, and blue-eyed, while the Britons were of a darker complexion with dark hair; on the other hand, 'l'aeitus described the Caledonians of Scotland as having red hair. The present Scotch High landers also comprise many red-haired individuals, but in general they are of a rather dark complexion, with dark-brown straight hair. In South Wales the people are dark, especially in the cities; in North Wales they are light, blond, and blue-eyed. The form of the skull is dolichocephalie, and the temples are flat, in consequence of which the forehead is narrow and the back of the head broad; but mesocephalic shapes are frequent among them.
4. The Germans form three divisions—the Hik/I German, the Low German, and the Northern families. The .S'w'edes, the Norreegians, together with the Icelanders, who belong to them, and the Danes, con stitute the Northern family. The Low Germans are the largest division: to them belonged in ancient times the Goths, together with related peoples, such as the I ana'als, Burg/Indians, Bastarnee, Gepidi HowII, etc. They also include the Clicrusci, Angles, .S'axons, Frisians, and, in fine, all tribes of Germany speaking the Low German tongue, as well as the Yet/ler/and ers and the At present four forms of the language of this family may be distinguished—the Low German, the Frisian, the Dutch, and the English, which are again divided into various dialects.
The High Germans, who are more closely related to the Low Germans than to the Northern nations, comprise all tribes speaking the Iligh Ger man tongue, such as the Hessians, Franks, Thuringiaus, Pa:-arians,Szea bians, Alcmanni, Swiss, etc. The oldest linguistic forms of this division are the High German dialects, which have been retained since the seventh century in a few examples; the different idioms of to-day are homogeneous, but independent.
The Northern family, especially the simple rural population, has retained the original Germanic type—high stature, robust build, light complexion, blond and abundant hair, while in the cities, even in Nor way, brunettes arc not rarely found. It is the same in Germany. indeed, the population of Germany is greatly mixed, being composed of Germanic, Celtic, and Scandinavian elements, intermixed with Roman and Romance intruders, and in the cast with the remains of the Slavic and Russian aboriginal population, and also with Mongolian elements; while _Jews arc nowhere absent.
Nevertheless, the present physique of the Germans, however great a contrast to the original Germanic, has been changed not so much in inter mixture as in consequence of advancing civilization and of changed condi tions of life. Even among the Welsh and the Norwegians, who have been comparatively little exposed to intermixture, we find such double tt furthermore, families whose genealogy proves them to have been puRly Germanic for many centuries exhibit the modern rather brunette type, while other families known to be mixed show the pure Germanic type.
The rural population has preserved the Germanic type most purely, but it cannot be asserted that it is less mixed. The skull-form of Ger manic families is nowhere truly dolichocephalic, but it is remarked that the Germans and Swiss have broader heads than all others. The Low Germans (according to Welcker's index) have narrower skulls than the High Germans.
5. The Letto-Slays. We comprise the Lithuanians and Slays in one great division, because they are closely related in language; but this divis ion at once separates into two families, the Lithuanian and the Slay. To the former belong (in Livonia and Courland) the Lithuanians, the Letts, and the Old Prussians, whose language is now extinct.
Of greater importance are the Slays, who are philologically more closely united among themselves than are the various Germanic families. The Bulgarian, which has reached us as the old Church language of the elev enth century, is the earliest Slavic language. According to Schafarik, the Slays are divided into— First, a south-eastern family, to which belong (1) the Russians, who are again divided into the Great Russians (beyond a line from Lake Peipus to the Don), the Little Russians (south of this line in Eastern Galicia, Bukowina, and Northern Hungary), and the White Russians (west of this line, toward the Baltic Sea). (2) The Bulgarians, who were formerly also in Hungary and Wallachia, but who are now bounded by the Danube, the ocean, and a line from Salonica to Widdin. (3) The Servians, in Servia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, etc. Plate 72 (fig. 6) shows a group of Servians in their peculiar attire. (4) The Slovenians in Carinthia and Carniola up to Styria.