Articles
Articles (lat. Articulus, Artus, A Joint). Divisions Of A Written Or Printed Document Or Agreement. Fspecification Of Distinct Matters Agreed Upon Or Established By Authority Or Requiring Judicial Action. The Fundamental Idea Of An Article Is That Of An Object Comprising Some Integral Part Of A Complex Whole. See Worcester, ...
Articles Of Confederation
Articles Of Confederation. The Title Of The Compact Which Was Made By The Thirteen Original States Of The United States Of America. 2. The Full Title Was, "articles Of Ration And Perpetual Union Between The States Of New Hampshire, Massabhusetts Bay; Rhode Island And Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New ...
Articles Of Partnership
Articles Of Partnership. A Written Agreement By Which The Parties Enter Into A Partnership Upon The Conditions Therein Mentioned. These Are To Be Distinguished From Agreements To Enter Into A Partnership At A Future Time. By Articles Of Partnership A Partnership Is Sotually Established; While An Agreement For A Partnership ...
Assault
Assault.' An Unlawful Offer Or At Tempt With Force Or Violence To Do A Corporal Hurt To Another. , Force Unlawfully Directed Or Applied To The Person Of Another Under Such Circumstances As To Cause A Well-founded Apprehension Of Immediate Peril. Aggravated Assault Is One Committed With The Intention Of ...
Assay
Assay. The Proof Or Trial Of The Purity Or Fineness Of Metals,—particularly The Pre Cious Metals, Gold And Silver. 2. By This Proof The Amount Of Pure Metal In Any Homogeneous Mass Is Ascertained. In The Case Of Gold, The Base Metals, Such As Copper Or Tin, Are Removed By ...
Assay Office
Assay Office. An Establishment, Or Department, In Which The Manipulations At Tending The Assay Of Bullion And Coins Are Conducted. See Assay. 2. Departments Of This Character Are At Tached To The National Mint And Each Of Its Branches. Prior To The Establishment Of The Branch Mint At San Francisco, ...
Assent
Assent. Approval Of Something Done. An Undertaking To Do Something In Compliance With A Request. In Strictness, Assent Is To Be Distinguished From Consent, Which Denotes A Willingness That Something About To Be Done, Be Dune • Acceptance, Compliance With, Or Receipt Of, Something Offered; Ratification, Rendering Valid Something Done ...
Assets
Assets (fr. Assez, Enough). All The Stock In Trade, Cash, And All Avail Able Property Belonging To A Merchant Or Company. The Property In The Hands Of An Heir, Executor, Administrator, Or Trustee, Which Is Legally Or Equitably Chargeable With The Obli Gations Which Such Heir, Executor, Adminis Trator, Or ...
Assignment
Assignment (law Lat. Assignatio, From Assigno,—ad And Signum,—to Mark For; To Appoint To One; To Appropriate To). In Contracts. A Transfer Or Making Over To Another Of The Whole Of Any Property, Real Or Personal, In Possession Or In Action, Or Of Any Estate Or Right Therein. A Transfer By ...
Assignment Of Dower
Assignment Of Dower. The Act By Which Share Of A Widow In Her Deceased Husband's Real Estate Is Ascertained And Set Apart To Her. The Assignment May Be Made In Pais By The Heir Or His Guardian, Or The Devisee Or Other Persons Seised Of The Lands Subject To Dower, ...
Assize
Assize (lat. Assidere, To Sit By Or Near, Through The Fr. Assisa, A Session). In Engliah Law. A Writ Directed To The Sheriff Tor The Recovery Of Immovable Pro Perty, Corporeal Or Incorporeal. Cowel; Lit Tleton, 234. The Action Or Proceedings In Court Based Upon Such A Writ. Magna Charta, ...
Assumpsit
Assumpsit (lat. Assumere, To Assume, To Undertake ; (.tsumpsit, He Has Undertaken). In Contracts. An Undertaking, Either Express Or Implied, To Perform A Parol Agree Ment. 1 Lilly, Reg. 132. Express Assumpsit Is An Undertaking Made Orally By Writing Not Under Seal, Or By Matter Of Record, To Perform An ...
At Law
At Law. A General Demurrer Is One Which Excepts To The Sufficiency Of A Previous Pleading In General Terms, Without Showing Specifically The Nature Of The Objection ; And Such Demurrer Is Sufficient When, The Objec Tion Is On Matter Of Substance. Stephen. Plead. 159 ; 1 Chitty, Plead. 639 ...
Attachment
Attachment. Taking Into The Cus Tody Of The Law The Person Or Property Of One Already Before The Court, Or Of One Whom It Is Sought To Bring Before It. A Writ For The Accomplishment Of This Pur Pose. This Is The More Common Sense Of The Word. Of Persons. ...
Attestation
Attestation (lat. Ad, To, Testari, To Witness). The Act Of Witnessing • An Instrument In Writing, At The Request Of The Party Making The Same, And Subscribing It As A Witness. 3 P. Will. 254 ; 2 Ves. Ch. 454; 1 Ves. & B. Ch. Ir. 362 ; 3 A. ...
Attorney
Attorney. One Put In The Place, Turn, Or Stead Of Another, To Manage His Affairs; One Who Manages The Affairs Of Another By Direction Of His Principal. Spelman, Gloss.; Termes De La Ley. One Who Acts For Another By Virtue Of An Appointment By The Latter. Attorneys Are Of Various ...
Auction
Auction. A Public Sale Of Property To The Highest Bidder. The Manner Of Conducting An Auction Is Imma Terial, Whether It He By Public Outcry Or By Any Other Manner. The Essential Part Is The Selection Of A Purch ,ser From A Number Of Bidders. In A Case Where A ...
Audita Querela
Audita Querela (lat.). In Practice. A Form Of Action Which Lies For A Defendant To Recall Or Prevent An Exe Cution, On Account Of Some Matter Occurring After Judgment Amounting To A Discharge, And Which Could Not Have Been, And Cannot Be, Taken Advantage Of Otherwise. 12 Mass. 270. It ...
Auditor
Auditor (lat. Audire, To Hear). An Officer Of The Government, Whose Duty It Is To Examine The Accounts Of Officers Who Have Received And Disbursed Public Moneys By Law Ful Authority. Acts Of Congress, April 3, 1817, Feb. 24, 1819, 3 Story, Laws U.s. 1630, 1722; Coke, 4th Inst. 107 ...
Aula Regia
Aula Regia (called Frequently Aula Regis). The King's Hall Or Palace. In English Law. A Court Established In England By William The Conqueror In His Own Hall. It Was The " Great Universal" Court Of The King Dom; From The Dismemberment Of Which Are De Rived The Present Four Superior ...
Auter Action Pendant L
Auter Action Pendant (l. Fr. Another Action Pending). , In Pleading. A Plea That Another Action Is Already Pending. This Plea May Be Made Either At Law Or In Equity. 1 Chitty, Plead. 393; Story, Eq. Plead. 736. 2. The Second Suit Must Be For The Same Cause, 2 Dick. ...
Authorities
Authorities. Enactments And Opi Nions Relied Upon As Establishing Or Declaring The Rule Of Law Which Is To Be Applied In Any Case. The Opinion Of A Court, Or Of Counsel, Or Of A Text-writer Upon Any Question, Is Usually Fortified By A Citation Of Authorities. In Respect To Their ...
Authority
Authority. In Contracts. The Law Ful Delegation Of Power By One Person To An Other. Authority Coupled With An Interest Is An Authority Given To An Agent For A Valuable Con Sideration, Or Which Forms Part Of A Security. Express Aqthority Is That Given Explicitly, Either In Writing Or Verbally. ...
Autrefois Acquit
Autrefois Acquit (fr. Formerly Acquitted). In Criminal Pleading. A Plea Made By A Defendant Indicted For A Crime Or Misde Meanor, That He Has Formerly Been Tried And Acquitted Of The Same Offence. To Be A Bar, The Acquittal Must Have Been On Trial, 5 Rand. Va. 669. 11 N. ...
Averment
Averment. In Pleading. A Positive Statement Of Facts, As Opposed To An Argument Ative Or Inferential One. Cowp. 683 ; Bacon, Abr. Pleas, B. Averments Were Formerly Said To Be General And Particular; But Only Particular Averments Are Found In Modern Pleading. 1 Chitty, Plead. 277. Particular Averments Are The ...
Award
Award (low Latin, Awards, Awar Diem, Old French, Agarda, From D Girder, To Keep, Preserve, To Be Guarded, Or Kept: So Called Because It Is Imposed On The Parties To Be Observed Or Kept By Them. Spelman, Gloss.). The Judgment Or Decision Of Arbitrators, Or Referees, On A Matter Submitted ...
Ayant Cause
Ayant Cause. In. French Law. This Term, Which Is Used In Louisiana, Sig B. The Second Letter Of The Alphabet. It Is Used To Denote The Second Page Of A Folio, And Also As An Abbreviation. See A; Abbreviations. A Bond Of Indemnifica Tion Given To A Surety. In Scotch ...
Baggage
Baggage. Such Articles Of Apparel, Ornament, &c. As Are In Daily Use By Travel Lers, For Convenience, Comfort, Or Recreation. This Term Has Been Held To Include Jewelry Carried As Baggage, And Which Formed A Part Of Female Attire, The Plaintiff Being On A Jour Ney With His Family. 4 ...
Bail Arrest
Bail; Arrest. Torts May Also Be Committed By Or Against Parties Mutually Related By A Joint Interest, Including Corporations. Hil Liard, Torts,.toint Torts, And Subsequent Chap Ters. Torts May Also Be Coin Mitted In Case Of The Private Relations Of Master And Servant, Hus Band And Wife, Parent And Child, ...
Bail Bond
Bail Bond. In Practice. A Speci Alty By Which The Defendant And Other Per Sons Become Bound To The Sheriff In A Penal Sum Proportioned To The Damages Claimed In The Action, And Which Is Conditioned For The Due Appearance Of Such Defendant To Answer To The Legal Process Therein ...
Bailee
Bailee. Contracts. One To Whom Goods Are Bailed; The Party To Whom Per Sonal Property Is Delivered Under A Contract Of Bailment. 2. His Duties Are To Act In Good Faith, And Perform His Undertaking, In Respect To The Property Intrusted To Him, With The Diligence And Care Required By ...
Bailiff
Bailiff. A Person To Whom Some Au Thority, Care, Guardianship, Or Jurisdiction Is Delivered, Committed, Or Intrusted. Spelman, Gloss. A Sheriff's Officer Or Deputy. 1 Blackstone, Comm. 344. A Magistrate, Who Formerly Administered Justice In The Parliaments Or Courts Of France, Answering To The English Sheriffs As Men Tioned By ...
Bailment
Bailment (fr. Bailer, To Put Into The Hands Of; To Deliver). A Delivery Of Something Of A Personal Nature By One Party To Another, To Be Held According To The Purpose Or Object Of The Delivery, And To Be Returned Or Delivered Over When That Purpose Is Accomplished. Prof. Joel ...
Bank Note
Bank Note. A Promissory Note, Pay Able On Demand To The Bearer, Made And Is Sued By A Person Or Persons Acting As Bankers And Authorized By Law To Issue Such Notes. 2. For Many Purposes They Are Not Looked Upon As Common Promissory Notes, And As Such Mere Evidences ...
Bankrupt Laws
Bankrupt Laws. Laws Relating To Bankruptcy. 2. The English Bankrupt Laws, Which Origin Ated With The Statute 34 & 35 Henry Viii. C. 4, Were First Mainly Directed Against The Criminal Frauds Of Traders. The Bankrupt Was Treated As A Criminal Offender; And, Formerly, The Not Duly Sur Rendering His ...
Bans Of Matrimony
Bans Of Matrimony. Public No Tice Or Proclamation Of A Matrimonial Con Tract, And The Intended Celebration Of The Marriage Of The Parties In Pursuance Of Such Contract, To The End That Persons Objecting To The Same May Have An Opportunity To De Clare Such Objections Before The Marriage Is ...
Bargain And Sale
Bargain And Sale. A Contract Or Bargain By The Owner Of Land, In Considera Tion Of Money Or Its Equivalent Paid, To Sell Land To Another Person, Called The Bargainee, Whereupon A Use Arises In Favor Of The Latter, To Whom The Seisin Is Transferred By Force Of The Statute ...
Barratry
Barratry (fr. Bard, Baraterie, Rob Bery, Deceit, Fraud). In Criminal Law. The Offence Of Fre Quently Exciting And Stirring Up Quarrels And Suits, Either At Law Or Otherwise. 4 Black Stone, Comm. 134; Coke, Litt. 368. An Indictment For This Offence Must Charge The Offender With Being A Common Barrator, ...
Bastard
Bastard (bas Or Bast, Abject, Low, Base, Aerd, Nature). One Born Of An Illicit Connection, And Be Fore The Lawful Marriage Of Its Parents. One Begotten And Born Out Of Lawful Wed Lock. 2 Kent, Comm. 208. One Born Of An Illicit Union. La. Civ. Code, Art. 29, 199. The ...
Battery
Battery. Any Unlawful Beating, Or Other Wrongful Physical Violence Or Con Straint, Inflicted On A Human Being Without His Consent. 2 Bishop, Crim. Law, 62; 17 Ala. 540 ; 9 N. H. 491. 2. It Must Be Either Wilfully Committed, Or Proceed From Want Of Due Care. • Strange; 596 ...
Beals
Beals. In Louisiana. A Method Of Taking The Effects Of A Deceased Person Into Public Custody. 2. On The Death Of A Person, According To The Laws' Of Louisiana, If The Heir Wishes To Obtain The Benefit Of Inventory And The Dolays For Deliberating, Be Is Bound, As Soon As ...
Beaupleader L
Beaupleader (l. Fr. Fair Pleading). A Writ Of Prohibition Directed To The Sheriff Or Other, Directing Him Not To Take A Fine Foi Beaupleader. There Was Anciently A Snc Imposed Called A Fine For Beauplesder, Which Is Explained By Coke To Have Been Originally Imposed For Bad Pleading. Coke. 2d ...
Belingiiib
Belingiiib. Using Two Languages. A Term Formerly Applied To Juries Half Of One Nation And Half Of Another. Plow& 2. Bill (lat. Bills). In Chancery Practice. A Complaint In Writing Addressed To The Chancellor, Contains Ing The Names Of The Pat Ilea To The Suit, Both Complainant And Defendant, A ...
Benefit Of Clergy
Benefit Of Clergy. In English Law. Au Exempt N Of The Punishment Of Death Which The Lows Impose On The Commis Sion Of Certain Crimes, On The Culprit De Manding It. By Modern Statutes, Benefit Of Clergy Was Rather A Substitution Of A More Mild,punishment For The Punishment Of Death. ...
Berviis
Berviis (lat.). A Slave. The Institution Of Slavery Is Traced To The Re Motest Antiquity. It Is Referred To In The Poems Of Homer; And All The Greek Philosophers U3ention It Without The Slightest Censure. Aristotle Justified It On The Ground Of A Diversity Of Race. The Roman Jurists Rest ...
Bervitiis
Bervitiis (lat.). In Roman Law. Servitude ; Slavery ; A State Df Bondage ; A Disposition Of The Law Of Nations By Which, Against Common Right, One Man Has Been Subjected To The Dominion Of Another. Inst. 1. 2. 3 ; Bracton, 4 B ; Coke, Litt. 116. A Service ...
Bigamy
Bigamy. The Wilfully Contracting A Second Marriage When The Contracting Party Knows That The First Is Still Subsisting. The State Of A Man Who Has Two Wives, Or Of A Woman Who Has Two Husbands, Living At The Same Time. When The Man Has More Than Two Wives, Or The ...
Bill
Bill Or Exci1ange. A Written Or Der Fruns One Person To Another, Directing The Person To Whom It Is Addressed To Pay To A Third Person A Certain Sum Of Money Therein Named. Ryles, Bills, 1. A Bill Of Exchange May Be Negotiable Or Non Negotiable. If Negotiable, It May ...
Bill Of Discovery
Bill Of Discovery. In Equity Practice. One Which Prays For The Discovery Of Facts Resting Within The Knowledge Of The Person Against Whom The Bill Is Exhibited, Or Of Deeds, Writings, Or Other Things In His Custody Or Power. Hinde, Chanc. Pract. 20; Blake, Chanc. Pract. 37. It Does Not ...
Bill Of Exceptions
Bill Of Exceptions. A Written Statement Of Objections To The Decision Of The Court Upon A Point Of Law, Made By A Party To The Cause, And Properly Certified By The Judge Or Court Who Made The Decision. The Object Of A Bill Of Exceptions Is To Put The Decision ...
Bill Of Interpleader
Bill Of Interpleader. In Equity Practice. One In Which The Person Exhibiting It Claims No Right In Opposition To The Rights Claimed By The Person Against Whom The Bill Is Exhibited, But Prays The Decree Of The Court Touching The Rights Of Those Persons, For The Safety Of The Person ...
Bill Of Lading
Bill Of Lading. In Common Law. The Written Evidence Of A Contract For The Car Riage And Delivery Of Goods Sent By Sea For A Certain Freight. Loughborough, J., 1 H. Blackst. 359. A Memorandum Or Acknowledgment In Writing, Signed By The Captain Or Master Of A Ship Or Other ...
Bill Of Particulars
Bill Of Particulars. In Prac Tice. A Detailed Informal Statement Of A Plaintiff's Cause Of Action, Or Of The Defend Ant's Set-off. It Is An Account Of The Items Of The Claim, And Shows The Manner In Which They Arose. The Plaintiff Is Required, Under Statutory Provisions, Which Vary Widely ...
Bill To Perpetuate Testi
Bill To Perpetuate Testi Mony. In Equity Practice. One Which Is Brought To Secure The Testimony Of Wit Nesses With Reference To Some Matter Which Is Not In Litigation, But Is Liable To Become So. It Differs From A Bill To Take Testimony De Bene Ewe, Inasmuch As The Latter ...
Blank
Blank. A Space Left In Writing, To Be Filled Up With One Or More Words To Complete Sense. When A Blank Is Left In A Written Agree , Ment Which Need Not Have Been Reduced To Writing, And Wonld Have Been Bind Ing Whether Written Or Unwritten, It Is Pre ...
Blasphemy
Blasphemy. In Criminal Law. To Attribute To God That Which Is Contrary To His Nature And Does Not Belong To Him, And To Deny What Does. A False Reflection Uttered With A' Malicious Design Of Reviling God. Emlyn's Pref. To Vol. 8, St. Tr.; 20 Pick. Mass. 244. In General, ...
Blockade
Blockade. In International Law. The Actual Investment Of A Port Or Place By A Hostile Force Fully Competent, Under Or Dinary Circumstances, To Out Off All Communi Cation Therewith, So Arranged Or Disposed As To Be Able To Apply Its Force To Every Point Of Practicable Access Or Approach To ...
Bond
Bond. An Obligation In Writing And Under Seal. 2 Serg. & R. Penn. 502; 11 Ala. 19; 1 Harp. So. C. 4:34 ; 1 Blackf. Ind. 241 ; 6 Vt. 40 ; 1 Baldw. C. C. 129. 2. It May Be Single,—simplex Obligatio,—as Where The Obligor Obliges Himself, His Heirs, ...
Bondage
Bondage. Is A Term Which Has Not Ob Tained A Juridical Use Distinct From The Ver Nacular, In Which It Is Either Taken As A Synonym With Slavery, Or As Applicable To I Any Kind Of Personal Servitude Which Is N Voluntary In Its Continuation. 2. The Propriety Of Making ...
Bottomry
Bottomry. In Maritime Law. A Contract In The Nature Of A Mortgage, By Which The Owner Of A Ship, Or The Mister, As His Agent, Borrows Money For The Use Of The Ship, And For A Specified Voyage, Or For A Definite Period, Pledges The Ship (or The Keel Or ...
Boundary
Boundary. Any Separation, Natural Or Artificial, Which Marks The Confines Or Line Of Two Contiguous Estates. 3 Toullier, N. 171. The Term Is Applied To Include The Objects Placed Or Existing At The Angles Of The Bounding Lines, As Well As Those Which Extend Along The Lines Of Sepa Ration. ...
Breach
Breach. In Co2tracts. The Viola Tion Of An Obligation, Engagement, Or Duty. A Continuing Breach Is One Where The Con, Dition Of Things Constituting A Breach Con Tinues During A Period Of Time, Or Where The Acts Constituting A Breach Are Repeated At Brief Intervals. F. Moore, 242 ; 1 ...
Breach Of Trust
Breach Of Trust. The Wilful Mis Appropriation, By A Trustee, Of A Thing Which Had Been Lawfully Delivered To Him In Con& Clew. The Distinction Larceny And A Breach Of Trust Is To He Found Chiefly In- The Terms Or Way In Which The Thing Was Taken Originally Into The ...
Breaking
Breaking. Parting Or Dividing By Force And Violence A Solid Substance, Or Pierc Ing, Penetrating, Or Bursting Through The Same. • In Cases Of Burglary And Housebreaking, The Removal Of Any Part Of The House, Or Of The Fastenings Provided To Secure It, With Vio Lence And A Felonious Intent. ...
Breaking Bulk
Breaking Bulk. In Criminal Law. The Doctrine Of Breaking Bulk Proceeds Upon The Ground Of A Determination Of The Privity Of The Bailment By The Wrongful Act Of The Bailee. Thus, Where A Carrier Had Agreed To Carry Certain Bales Of Goods, Which Were Delivered To Him, To Southampton, But ...
Brevia Formata
Brevia Formata (lat.). Certain Writs Of Approved And Established Form Which Were Granted Of Course In Actions To Which They Were Applicable, And Which Could Not Be Changed But By Consent Of The Great Council Of The Realm. Bracton, 413 B. All Original Writs, Without Which An Action Could Not ...
Bridge
Bridge. A Structure Erected Over A River, Creek, Stream, Ditch, Ravine, Or Other Place, To Facilitate The Passage Thereof; Includ In G By The Term Both Arches And Abutments. 3 Harr. N. J. 108; 15 Vt, 438. Bridges Are Either Miblic Or Private. Public Bridges Are Such As Form A ...
Brief
Brief (lat. Brevis, L. Fr. Briefe, Short). In Ecclesiastical Law. A Papal Rescript Sealed With Wax. See Bum,. In Practice. A Writ. It Is Found In This Sense In The Ancient Law Authors. An Abridged Statement Of The Party's It Should Contain A Statement Of The Names Of The Parties, ...
Brokers
Brokers. Those Who Are Engaged For Others In The Negotiation Of Contracts Relative To Property, With The Custody Of Which They Have No Concern. Paley, Agency, 13. See Comyns, Dig. Merchant, C. A Broker Is, For Some Purposes, Treated As The Agent Of Both Parties; But, In The First Place, ...
Bullion
Bullion. The Term Bullion Is Com Monly Applied To Uncoiued Gold And Silver, In The Mass Or Lump. Z. It Includes,first, Grains Of Gold, Whether Large Or Small, The Former Being Called Lumps, Or Nuggets, The Latter, Gold Dust; Second, Amalgams, In Which Quicksilver Has Been Used As An Agent ...
Burden Of Proof
Burden Of Proof. The Duty Of Proving The Facts In Dispute On An Issue Raised Between The Parties In A Cause. Burden Of Proof Is To Be Distinguished From Prime Fade Evidence Or A Prima' Facie Case. Generally, When The Latter Is Shown, The Duty Imposed Upon The Party Having ...
Bution Descent Nex17m
Bution ; Descent. Nex17m (lat.). 7.n Roman Law. The Transfer Of The Ownership Of A Thing, Or The Transfer Of A Thing To A Creditor As A Security. 2. In One Sense Nesum Includes Mancipium; In Another Sense, Niatecipium And Nexunt Are Opposed, In The Same Way As Sale And ...
Buying Titles
Buying Titles. The Purchase 'of The Rights Of A Disseisee To Lands Of Which A Third Person 'has The Possession. When A Deed Is Made By One Who, Though Having A Legal Right To Land, Is At The 'time Of The Conveyance Disseised, As A Rule Of The Common Law, ...
Bvidbnce
Bvidbnce. That Which Tends To Prove Or Disprove Any Matter In Question, Or To In Fluence The Bel:ef Respecting It. Belief Is Produced By The Consideration Of Something Presented To The Mind. The Matter Thus Pre Sented, In Whatever Shape It May Come, And Through Whatever Material Organ It Is ...
Cabinet
Cabinet. Certain Officers Who, Taken Collectively, Form A Council Or Advisory Beard ; As The, Cabinet Of The President Of The United States, Which Is Composed Of The Secretary Of State, The Secretary Of The Treasury, The Secre Tary Of The Interior, The Secretary Of War, The Secretary Of The ...
California
California. One Of The New States Of The United States Of America. It Is Situated On The Coast Of The Pacific Ocean, Its Northern Boundary Being The Forty-second Degree Of North Latitude, And Its Southern Boundary Being The Division-line Between The United States And 'mexico. It Was Formerly A Department ...