N. Y. 607 ; 3 Johns. N. Y. 183 ; 1 D. Chipm. Vt. 101; 1 Harr. Del. 446; see 2 Bingh. 7 ; 17 Mass. 575 ; or obtained by him through' fraud, 1 Salk. 28 ; 4 Mass. 488 ; 4 Conn. 350; 30 Vt. 277 ; 4 Ind. 43, or by tortious seizure and conversion of the plaintiff's property, 5 Pick. Mass. 285 ; 10 id. 161; and see Cowp. 414 ; 1 Campb. 285 ; 8 Bingh. 43; see 7, be yond ; or by duress, imposition, or undue ad vantage or other involuntary and wrongful payment, 2 Barnew. & C. 729 ; 6 Q. B. 276; 5 id. 526 ; 7 Mann. .& G. 586 ; 2 N. H. 238 ; 3 id. 508 ; 9 Johns. N. Y. 370; 20 id. 290 ; 7 Me. 135 ; 17 Mass. 461; 12 Pick. Mass. 206 ; 26 Barb. N. Y. 23 ; 4 Ind. 43; 6 Conn. 223 ; 24 id. 88 ; 10 Pet. 137 ; 28 Vt. 370 ; see 2 Jac. & W. Ch. 249 ; 7 Term, 265 ; 9 Bingh. 644 ; or for a security whiCh turns out to be a forgery, under some circumstances, 3 Taunt. 127 ; 6 id. 76 ; 3 Barnew. & C. 428 ; 4 Bingh. 253 ; 26 Conn, 23 ; 30 Penn. St. 527 ; 4 Ohio St. 628; or paid under a mistake of facts, 9 Bingh. 647 ; 6 Mass. 84 ; 12 id. 36 ; 15 id. 208 ; 1 Wend. N. Y. 355 ; 3 id. 412 ; 6 Yerg. Tenn. 483 ; 26 Barb. N. Y. 423 ; 4 Gray, Mass. 388 ; see 2 Term, 648 ; 15 Me. 45 ; 20 Wend. 174; 18 B. Monr. Ky. 793 ; or upon a considera tion which has failed, 1 Strange, 407 ; 1 Term, 732 ; 8 id. 516 ; 3 Bos. & P. 181; 6 Mass. 182 ; 14 id. 425 ; 17 id. 1; 2 Johns. N. Y. 455 ; 5 id. 85 ; 15 id. 504; 20 id. 24; 15 N. Y. 9 ; 9 Cal. 338 ; 4 Gill and J. Md. 463 ; 13 Serg. & R. Penn. 259; 4 Conn. 350 ; 9 Ind. 1; 10 id. 172 ; 15 Tex. 224 ; see 18 B. Monr. Ky. 523 ; or under an agreement which has been rescinded without partial performance. 2 Carr. & P. 514 ; 3 id. 407; 1 Vt. 159 ; 30 id. 432 ; 5 Ohio, 286 ; 13 Mass. 139 ; 15 id. 319 ; 5 Johns. N. Y. 85 ; 12 id. 363; Mart. & Y. Tenn. 20, 203; 2 Nott & M'C. So. C. 65 ; 20 N. H. 102.
6. Money paid for the use of another, in cluding negotiable securities, 9 Mass. 553; 4 Pick. Mass. 444 ; 3 N. H. 366 ; 3 Johns. N. Y. 206 ; 5 Rawle, Penn. 91, 98 ; 2 Vt. 213 ; 6 Me. 331 ; see 6 Me. 80 ; 7 id. 355 ; 1, Wend. N. Y. 424; 7 Serg. & R. Penn. 238; 11 Johns. N. Y. 464, where the _plaintiff can show a previous request, 20 IN. . 490 ; or subsequent assent, 12 Mass. 11; 1 Greenleaf, Ev. 113 ; see before, 2; or that he paid it for a reasonable cause, and not officiously, 4 Taunt. 190 ; 1 H. Blackst. 90, 93 ; 5 Esp. 171 ; 8 Term, 310; 3 Mees. & W. Exch. 607; 16 Mass. 40 ; but a mere voluntary payment of another's debt will not make the person paying his creditor. 1 N. Y. 472; 1 Gill & J. Md. 433, 497 ; 5 Cow. N. Y. 603; 3 Al& 500 ; 4 N. H. 138 ; 20 id. 490.
Money lent, including negotiable securi ties of such a character as to be essentially money,. 11 Jur. 157, 289 ; 6 Mass. 189 ; 12 Pick. Mass. 126; 15 id. 212 ; 9 Metc. Mass. 278, 417 ; 2 Johns. N. Y. 235 ; 12 id. 90 ; 5 Wend. N. Y. 490 ; 7 id. 311; 3 Gill & J. Md. 369 ; 11 N. H. 218 ; 18 Me. 296 ; 3 J. J. Marsh. Ky. 37 ; 21 Ga. 384 ; see 10 Johns. N. Y. 418; 1 Hawks. Tenn. 195; 9 Ohio, 5; 16 Mees. & W. Exch. 449, actually loaned by the plaintiff to the defendant himself. 1 Dane, Abr. 196.
7. Money found to be due upon an account stated, called an insimul computassent, for the balance so found to be duo, without regard to the nature of the evidences of the original debt. 1 Ventr. 268 ; 2 Term, 479; 3 Barnew.
& C. 196; 4 Price, Exch. 260 ; 3 Carr & P.
170; 1 Johns. N. Y. 36 ; 12 id. 227 ; 6 Mass. 358; 6 Mete. Mass. 127 ; 7 Watts, Penn. 100 ; 11 Leigh, Va. 471 ; 10 N. H. 532.
Goods sold and delivered either in accord ance with a previous request, 9 Conn. 379 ; 6 Harr. & J. Md. 273 ; 1 Bosw. N.Y. 417; 32 Penn. St. 506; 35 N. H. 477; 28 Vt. 666 ; or where the defendant receives and uses them, 6 J. J. Marsh. Ky. 441 ; 12 Mass. 185 ; 41 Me. 565 ; although tortiously. 3 N.
H. 1 Mo. 430, 643. See 5 Pick. Mass. 285. See TROYER.
8. Work performed, Mass. 37 ; 14 id. 176; 19 Ark. 671 • 1 Hempst. C. C. 240, and materials furnished, 7 Pick. Mass. 181, with the knowledge of the defendant, 20 Johns. N.
Y. 28 ; 2 Cons. So. C. 348 ; 1 M'Cord, So. C. 22; 19 Ark. 671, so that he derives benefit therefrom, 27 Mo. 308; 11 Ired. 84, whether there be an express contract or not. As to whether any thing can be recovered where the contract is to work a specified time and the labor is performed during a portion of that time only, see 29 Vt. 219 ; 25 Conn. 188; 2 E. D. Smith, N. Y. 192; 6 Ohio St. 505 ; 1 Sneed,- Tenn. 622 ; 24 Barb. N. Y. 174 ; 23 Mo. 228.
Use and occupation of the plaintiff's pre mises under a parol contract express or im plied, 7 J. J. Marsh. 6 ; 1 Yeates, Penn. 576 ; 13 Johns. N. Y. 240 ; 4 Day, Conn. 28; 11 Pick. Mass. 4 Hen. & M. Va. 161; 1 Munf. Va. 407 ; 3 Harr. N. J. 214 ; 1 How. 153; 30 Vt. 277 ; 31 Ala. N. s. 412 ; 41 Me. 446 ; 3 Cal. 196 ; 4 Gray, Mass. 329 ; but not if it be tortious, 2 Nott & M'C. So. C. 156 ; 3 Serg. & R. Penn. 500; 2 Gill & J. Md. 326 ; 10 id. 149 ; 6 N. H. 298 ; 6 Ohio, 371; 14 id. 244 ; 10 Vt. 502 ; see 20 Me. 525; or where defendant enters under a con tract for a deed. 6 Johns. 46; 3 Conn. 203 ; 4 Ala. 294 ; 7 Pick. Mass. 301 ; 2 Dan. Ky. 295. The relation of landlord and tenant must exist expressly or impliedly. 1 Dutch. N. J. 293 ; 6 Ind. 412; 19 Ga. 313.
9. And in many other cases, as, for in stance, for a breach of promise of marriage, 2 Mass. 73 ; 2 Overt. Tenn. 233; to recover the purchase-money for land sold, 14 Johns. N. Y. 162, 210 ; 20 id. 338 ; 3 M'Cord, So. C. 421; and, specially, upon wagers, 2 Chitty, Plead. 114; feigned issues, 2 Chitty, Plead. 116 ; upon foreign judgments, Dougl. 1 ; 3 East, 221; 11 id. 124; 3 Term, 493 ; 8 Mass. 273; 5 Johns. N. Y. 132; but not on a judg ment obtained in a sister state, 1 Bibb, Ky. 361 ; 19 Johns. N. Y. 162 ; 11 Me. 94 ; 14 Vt. 92; 2 Rawle, Penn. 431 ; and see 2 Brev. No. C. 99 ; money due under an award, 9 Mass. 198 ; 21 Pick. Mass. 247 ; where the defendant has obtained possession of the plaintiff's property by a tort for which tres pass or case woutd lie, 10 Pick. Mass. 161; 3 Dutch. N. J. 43; 5 Harr. Del. 38 ; 21 Ga. 526 ; or, having rightful possession, has tor tiously sold the property, 4 Pick. Mass. 452 ; 5 id 285 ; 12 id. 120 ; 1 J. J. Marsh. Ky. 543 ; 3 Watts, Penn. 277 ; 4 Binn. Penn. 374 ; 3 Dan. Ky. 552. 1 N. II. 151 ; 4 Call. Va. 451; 2 Gill & J. Md. 326 ; 3 Wise. 649 ; or converted it to his own beneficial use. W. Blacket. 827; 1 Dougl. 167, n. ' • 4 Term, 211 ; 3 Maule & S. 191 ; Cowp. 372 ; 10 Mass. 436 ; 13 id. 454 ; 2 Pick. Mass. 285, n. • 7 id. 133 ; 10 Mete. 231 ; 1 N. H. 451 ; 3 id. 384 ; 5 Me. 323 ; 41 id. 565 ; 29 Ala. N. s. 332; 41 Me. 565 ; 1 Hempst. C. C. 240; 3 Sneed, Tenn. 454 ; 3 Iowa, 599.