5. The word pay is not necessary ; deliver is equally operative, 2 Ld. Raym. 1397; 8 Mod. 364; as well as other words, 9 C. B. 570 ; but they must be words requiring pay ment, 10 Ad. & E. 98 "i/ vous plaira de payer" is, in France, the proper language of a bill. Pailliet, Man, 841.
Each of the duplicate or triplicate (as the case may be) bills of a set of foreign ex change contains a provision that the particu lar bill is to be paid only if the others remain at the time unpaid, see 2 Pardessus, n. 342; and all the parts of the set constitute but one bill. 7 Johns. N. Y. 42; 2 Dell. Penn. 134, A bill should designate the payee, 26 Eng. L. & Eq. 404; 36 id. 165; 11 Barb. N. Y. 241; 13 Ga. 55; 30 Miss. 122; 16 Ill. 169; and see 1 E. D. Smith,, N. Y. 1; 8 lnd. 18; but when no payee is designated, the holder by ment may fill the blank with his own name, 2 Maule & S. 90; 4 Campb. 97 ; see 6 Ala. N. s. 86; and if payable to the bearer it is suffi cient. 3 Burr. 1526.
6. To make it negotiable, it must be pay able to the order of the payee or to the bearer or must contain other equivalent and the words of transfer. I Salk. 132 ; Ld. Raym, 1545; 6 Term, 123; 9 Barnew. & C. 409; 1 Deac. & C. 275 ; I Dell. Penn, 194; 3 Caines, N. Y. 137; 2 Gill, Md. 348; I Harr. Del. 32; 3 Humphr. Tenn. 612; I Ga. 236; 1 Ohio, 272; otherwise in some states of the, United States by statute, and in Scotland, Va. Rev. Stat. 1849, c. 144, 7; 10 B. Monr. Ky. 286; 1 Bell, Comm. 401. But in England and the United States negotiability is not essential to the validity of a bill, 3 Kent, Comm. 78; 6 Term, 123; 6 Taunt. 328; 9 Johns,N. Y. 2J7; 10 Gill & J. Md.. 299; 31 Penn, St. 506; thongh it is otherwise in France. Code de Comm. art. 110, 188; 2 Pardessus, n. 339: 7. The sum for which the bill is draws should be written in full in the body of the instrument, as the words in, the bodygovern in case of doubt. 5 Bingh. N. C. 425; $ Blaekf. hid. 144; 1 R. I. 398..
The amount must be fixed and certain, and not contingent. 2 Salk. 375 ; 2 Miles, Penn.
442. It must be payable in and not in merchandise, 7 Johns. N. Y. 321, 461; 4 Cow. N. Y. 452; 11 Me. 398; 6 N. H. 159; 7 Conn. 110; 1 Nott & M'C. So. C. 254; 3 Ark. 72; 8 B. Monr. Ky. 168; see 7 Miss. 52; and is not negotiable if payable in bank bills or in currency or other substitutes for legal money of similar denominations. 2 McLeau, C. C. 10; 3. id. 106; 3 Wend. N. Y.71; 7 hill, N. Y. 359; 11 Vt. 268; 3 Humphr. Tenn; 171; 6 id. 303 ; 7 Mo. 595; 5 Ark. 481; 13 id, 12; held otherwise in 15 Ohio, 118; 16 id. 5; 17 Miss, 457; 9 Mo. 697; 6 Ark. 255,; 1 Tex. 13, 246, 503; 4 Ala. N. s. 88, 140, S. Value received is often inserted,, but is not of any use in a negotiable 2 McLean, C. C. 213; 3 Mete. Mass. 363; 15 Me. 131; 3 Rich. So. C. 413; 5 Wheat. 277 ; 4 Fla‘47; 31 Penn. St. 506. • A direction to place to the account of some one, drawer, drawee, or third person, is often added, but is unnecessary. Comyne, Dig, Merchant, F 5; 1 Barnew. & C. 398, As per advice, inserted in a bill, deprives the drawee of authority to pay the bill until advised.
It should be subscribed by the drawer., though it is sufficient if his name appear in the body of the instrument, 2 Ld. Raym, 1376: 1 Strange, 609; 1. Iowa, 231; 27 Ala. N. s. 515; see 12 Barb. N. Y. 27; and should be addressed to the drawee by Christian name and surname, or by the full style of the firm. 2 Pardessus, n. 335; Beawes, Ler Nem pl. 3; Chitty, Bills,. 18Q, 9. Provision may be made by the drawer, and inserted as a part of the bill, for apply ing to another person, for a return without protest, or for limiting the damages for re-ex change, expense, etc., in case of the failure or refusal of the drawee to accept or to pay. Chitty, Bills, 188.
See INDORSEMENT; INDORSER; INDORSEE ; ACCEPTANCE; PROTEST; DAMAGES.
Consult Bayley ; Byles; Chitty; Cunning ham; Edwards; Kyd; Marius; Parsons; Po thier ; Story on Bills; 3 Kent, Comm. 75— 128 ; 1 Ves. Jr. 86, 514, Supp.; Merlin, Reper toire, Lettre et Billet de C Image; Bouvier, Institutes, Index.