As to the burden of proof in collision cases, see 9 Jur. 282, 670 ; 2 W. Rob. Adm. 30, 244, 504 ; 3 id. 7 ; 12 id. 131, 371. 2 Hagg. Adm. 356 ; 4 Thornt. Adm. Cas. 161, 356 ; 1 Conkling, Adm. 382, 383 ; 1 How. 28; 5 id. 441; 18 id. 570; Ole. Adm. 132 ; 6 Bost. Law Rep. Ill ; 8 id. 275.
11. The general rules in regard to costs in collision cases, in the admiralty courts, arc that if only one party is to blame, he pays the costs of both ; if neither is to blame, and the party prosecuting bad apparent cause for proceeding, each party pays his own costs, but in the absence of apparent or probable cause the libel will be dismissed with costs ; if both parties are to blame, the costs of both are equally divided, or, more generally, each party is left to pay his own costs. But costs in admiralty are always in the discretion of the court, and will be given or withheld in particular cases without regard to these gene ral rules, if the equity of the case requires a departure from them. 2 W. Rob. Adm. 213, 244 ; 5 Jur. 1067 ; 2 Conkling, Adm. 438 ; 1 id. 374.
The following cases are among the more important relating to this subject:-1 How. 89; 5 id. 441 ; 10 id. 557 ; 12 id. 443, 466; 13 id. 101, 283 ;.14 id. 532; 17 id. 152, 170,
178; 18 id. 89, 223, 570, 584; 19 id. 56, 108; 20 id. 296 ; 21 id. 184, 372, 451. 23 id. 209; 14 Bost. Law Rep. 669 ; 16 id. 433; 17 id. 384 ; 18 id. 181 ; 1 Blatchf. C. C. 365; 1 Blatchf. & II. Adm. 347 ; Ole. Adm. 38, 104, 132, 188, 246, 258, 304, 415, 428, 483 ; 2 Wall. Jr. C. C. 485; Abb. Adm. 73, 108, 202, 336 ; 2 Curt. C. C. 72, 141, 150, 363 ; 3 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 61; 6 id. 12 ; 9 id. 237, 321; 2 Wend. N. Y. 452 ; Stu. Adm. Low. C. 75, 190, 335, 344 ; 14 Pick. Mass. 1; 2 Dods. Adm. 83 ; 2 Hagg. Adm. 173 ; 3 id. 321, 414 ; I W. Rob. Adm. 157, 478, 484, 270 ; 2 id. 197, 236 ; 3 id. 27, 38, 75, 101, 152, 190, 283 ; 1 Swab. Adm. 28, 117.
The following cases relate to collisions in which tow-boats were concerned :-20 How. 543; 22 id. 461 ; 14 Pick. Mass. 1 ; 1 Blatchf. C. C. 365 ; 13 Wend. N. Y. 387 ; 1 Am. Law Jour. 436 ; 1 Gilp. C. C. 179 ; 6 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 402, 434; 9 id. 232 ; 1 W. Rob. Adm. 270 ; 3 id. 27 ; 1 Wall. Jr. C. C. 485 ; 18 Bost. Law Rep. 553 ; 1 Swab. Adm. 220, 298. And see Angell, Law of Carriers, a 666, 667 ; 3 Am. Law Reg. 337. Consult 2 Parsons, Mar. Law, 187-211; Conkling, Adm. 370-426 ; Flanders; Mar. Law, c. 9 ; Abbott, Shipp. Story & Perkins's notes.